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Keywords = α-chloralose

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33 pages, 1924 KiB  
Review
Systematic Review: Anesthetic Protocols and Management as Confounders in Rodent Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI)—Part B: Effects of Anesthetic Agents, Doses and Timing
by Aline R. Steiner, Frédérik Rousseau-Blass, Aileen Schroeter, Sonja Hartnack and Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger
Animals 2021, 11(1), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010199 - 15 Jan 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4922
Abstract
In rodent models the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under anesthesia is common. The anesthetic protocol might influence fMRI readouts either directly or via changes in physiological parameters. As long as those factors cannot be objectively quantified, the scientific validity of [...] Read more.
In rodent models the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under anesthesia is common. The anesthetic protocol might influence fMRI readouts either directly or via changes in physiological parameters. As long as those factors cannot be objectively quantified, the scientific validity of fMRI in rodents is impaired. In the present systematic review, literature analyzing in rats and mice the influence of anesthesia regimes and concurrent physiological functions on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI results was investigated. Studies from four databases that were searched were selected following pre-defined criteria. Two separate articles publish the results; the herewith presented article includes the analyses of 83 studies. Most studies found differences in BOLD fMRI readouts with different anesthesia drugs and dose rates, time points of imaging or when awake status was compared to anesthetized animals. To obtain scientifically valid, reproducible results from rodent fMRI studies, stable levels of anesthesia with agents suitable for the model under investigation as well as known and objectively quantifiable effects on readouts are, thus, mandatory. Further studies should establish dose ranges for standardized anesthetic protocols and determine time windows for imaging during which influence of anesthesia on readout is objectively quantifiable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
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8 pages, 251 KiB  
Article
The Knoevenagel-Doebner Reaction on 1,2-O-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene) Derivatives of D-Gluco- and D-Manno- furanose
by Gökhan Kök, Tamer Karayıldırım, Kadir Ay and Emriye Ay
Molecules 2010, 15(11), 7724-7731; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15117724 - 29 Oct 2010
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 9552
Abstract
The synthesis of new α,β-unsaturated furanuronic acid derivatives of α-gluco- (3), β-gluco- (6) and β-manno-chloraloses (9) via a convenient one pot procedure using the Knoevenagel-Doebner reaction approach [...] Read more.
The synthesis of new α,β-unsaturated furanuronic acid derivatives of α-gluco- (3), β-gluco- (6) and β-manno-chloraloses (9) via a convenient one pot procedure using the Knoevenagel-Doebner reaction approach are described. The dialdofuranose derivatives were reacted with malonic acid under Knoevenagel-Doebner reaction conditions and (E)-α,β-unsaturated furanuronic acid derivatives were obtained. Full article
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