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Search Results (3)

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Keywords = in vitro disease model
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15 pages, 597 KB  
Review
Role of Hepatic Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
by Nikhil Y. Patil, Jacob E. Friedman and Aditya D. Joshi
Receptors 2023, 2(1), 1-15; https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors2010001 - 4 Jan 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5438
Abstract
Numerous nuclear receptors including farnesoid X receptor, liver X receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, pregnane X receptor, hepatic nuclear factors have been extensively studied within the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Following the first description of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in [...] Read more.
Numerous nuclear receptors including farnesoid X receptor, liver X receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, pregnane X receptor, hepatic nuclear factors have been extensively studied within the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Following the first description of the Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) in the 1970s and decades of research which unveiled its role in toxicity and pathophysiological processes, the functional significance of AhR in NAFLD has not been completely decoded. Recently, multiple research groups have utilized a plethora of in vitro and in vivo models that mimic NAFLD pathology to investigate the functional significance of AhR in fatty liver disease. This review provides a comprehensive account of studies describing both the beneficial and possible detrimental role of AhR in NAFLD. A plausible reconciliation for the paradox indicating AhR as a ‘double-edged sword’ in NAFLD is discussed. Finally, understanding AhR ligands and their signaling in NAFLD will facilitate us to probe AhR as a potential drug target to design innovative therapeutics against NAFLD in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the AHR Symposium 2022)
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22 pages, 2388 KB  
Review
Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: Properties and Therapeutic Effects after Transplantation into the Lesioned Nervous System
by Quentin Delarue and Nicolas Guérout
Neuroglia 2022, 3(1), 1-22; https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia3010001 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5527
Abstract
The primary olfactory system (POS) is in permanent renewal, especially the primary olfactory neurons (PON) are renewed with a turnover of around four weeks, even in adulthood. The re-growth of these axons is helped by a specific population of glial cells: the olfactory [...] Read more.
The primary olfactory system (POS) is in permanent renewal, especially the primary olfactory neurons (PON) are renewed with a turnover of around four weeks, even in adulthood. The re-growth of these axons is helped by a specific population of glial cells: the olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). In the POS, OECs constitute an “open-channel” in which the axons of PON cause regrowth from peripheral nervous system (PNS) to central nervous system (CNS). The remarkable role played by OECs into the POS has led scientists to investigate their properties and potential beneficial effects after transplantation in different lesion models of the CNS and PNS. In this review, we will resume and discuss more than thirty years of research regarding OEC studies. Indeed, after discussing the embryonic origins of OECs, we will describe the in vitro and in vivo properties exert at physiological state by these cells. Thereafter, we will present and talk over the effects of the transplantation of OECs after spinal cord injury, peripheral injury and other CNS injury models such as demyelinating diseases or traumatic brain injury. Finally, the mechanisms exerted by OECs in these different CNS and PNS lesion paradigms will be stated and we will conclude by presenting the innovations and future directions which can be considered to improve OECs properties and allow us to envisage their use in the near future in clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transplantation of Glial Cells to Repair Injuries and Diseases of the Nervous System)
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16 pages, 619 KB  
Review
Early Neural Changes as Underlying Pathophysiological Mechanism in Diabetic Retinopathy
by Antolín Cantó, Javier Martínez, Giuliana Perini-Villanueva, María Miranda and Eloy Bejarano
Int. J. Transl. Med. 2022, 2(1), 1-16; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm2010001 - 30 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4631
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease often accompanied by diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the most common diabetic complications. DR is an eye condition that causes vision deficiency and often leads to blindness. DR develops when blood vessels damage the retina, the light-sensitive [...] Read more.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease often accompanied by diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the most common diabetic complications. DR is an eye condition that causes vision deficiency and often leads to blindness. DR develops when blood vessels damage the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Before changes in retinal blood vessel permeability, different molecular and anatomical modifications take place in the retina, including early neural changes. This review will summarize the current status of knowledge regarding pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DR, with a special focus on early neural modifications associated with DR. We describe hyperglycemia-associated molecular and cellular alterations linked to the initiation and progression of DR. We also discuss retinal neurodegeneration as a shared feature in different in vitro and in vivo models of DR. Given how ubiquitous diabetes is and how severe the effects of DR are, we also examine the current pharmacological and genetic approaches for combatting this disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy)
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