Open AccessReview
An Updated Review on EPR-Based Solid Tumor Targeting Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment
by
Majid Sharifi, William C. Cho, Asal Ansariesfahani, Rahil Tarharoudi, Hedyeh Malekisarvar, Soyar Sari, Samir Haj Bloukh, Zehra Edis, Mohamadreza Amin, Jason P. Gleghorn, Timo L. M. ten Hagen and Mojtaba Falahati
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Abstract
The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in cancer treatment is one of the key mechanisms that enables drug accumulation at the tumor site. However, despite a plethora of virus/inorganic/organic-based nanocarriers designed to rely on the EPR effect to effectively target tumors, most
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The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in cancer treatment is one of the key mechanisms that enables drug accumulation at the tumor site. However, despite a plethora of virus/inorganic/organic-based nanocarriers designed to rely on the EPR effect to effectively target tumors, most have failed in the clinic. It seems that the non-compliance of research activities with clinical trials, goals unrelated to the EPR effect, and lack of awareness of the impact of solid tumor structure and interactions on the performance of drug nanocarriers have intensified this dissatisfaction. As such, the asymmetric growth and structural complexity of solid tumors, physicochemical properties of drug nanocarriers, EPR analytical combination tools, and EPR description goals should be considered to improve EPR-based cancer therapeutics. This review provides valuable insights into the limitations of the EPR effect in therapeutic efficacy and reports crucial perspectives on how the EPR effect can be modulated to improve the therapeutic effects of nanomedicine.
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