Search Results (2)

Background: Vaccination is a highly effective strategy for the prevention of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71)—hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Three inactivated EV-A71 vaccines in China have demonstrated remarkable efficacy against EV-A71-HFMD during clinical trials, exhibiting vaccine effectiveness (VE) exceeding 90% and few adverse events (AEs). However, the effectiveness of vaccines in the real world and its impact on the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD after the use of EV-A71 inactivated vaccine are uncertain. Methods: The odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence (CI) were used as the effect estimates of the meta-analysis in the test-negative design (TND), and the OR was used to calculate VE: VE = (1 − OR) × 100%. Results: According to the literature search strategy, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science (including Chinese Science Citation Database and MEDLINE), and Embase, and 18 records were ultimately included in this study. Subsequently, the overall VE and 95% CI of different vaccine doses were analyzed, with the one-dose vaccine at 66.9% (95% CI: 45.2–80.0%) and the two-dose vaccine at 84.2% (95% CI: 79.4–87.9%). Additionally, the most reported AEs were mild general reactions without any rare occurrences. Simultaneously, the widespread use of the EV-A71 vaccine would lead to a reduction in both the incidence of EV-A71-associated HFMD and severe cases caused by EV-A71. Conclusion: The administration of the two-dose EV-A71 vaccine is highly effective in preventing HFMD in the real world, and the widespread use of the EV-A71 vaccine leads to a reduction in the incidence of EV-A71-associated HFMD and that of severe cases caused by EV-A71. The findings suggest that administering the two-dose EV-A71 inactivated vaccine to children aged 6 months to 71 months can be effective in preventing EV-A71-associated HFMD, highlighting the need for developing a multivalent HFMD vaccine for preventing cases not caused by EV-A71. Full article

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become one of the most competitive energy storage technologies. However, the “thermal runaway” of LIBs leads to serious safety issues. Early safety warning of LIBs is a prerequisite for the widely applications of power battery and large-scale energy storage systems. As reported, hydrogen (H₂) could be generated due to the reaction of lithium metal and polymers inside the battery. The generation of H₂ is some time earlier than the “thermal runaway”. Therefore, the rapid detection of trace hydrogen is the most effective method for early safety warning of LIBs. Resistive hydrogen sensors have attracted attention in recent years. In addition, they could be placed inside the LIB package for the initial hydrogen detection. Here, we overview the recent key advances of resistive room temperature (RT) H₂ sensors, and explore possible applications inside LIB. We explored the underlying sensing mechanisms for each type of H₂ sensor. Additionally, we highlight the approaches to develop the H₂ sensors in large scale. Finally, the present review presents a brief conclusion and perspectives about the resistive RT H₂ sensors for early safety warning of LIBs. Full article