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A fundamental question in the theory of psychobiological adaptation and specifically of sports training is the problem of how adaptation to sports performance demands occurs as a consequence of systematic exercise. In this position paper, we review some results of our previous and current research conducted on several different levels of exercise-induced effects. Based on these results, we contend that the control of psychobiological systems during exercise is constraints based. Constraints direct the flow of behavioral changes on a rugged metastable landscape. Such adaptive behavior is soft-assembled, consisting of context-sensitive cooperative configurations of system components that dwell on different time scales. Full article

The aim of this study was to complement an analytical approach by new methodology of data sequences analysis of muscular and cardiovascular indices during the assessments of functional state. The participants of the study were 14 elite Greco-roman wrestlers and they underwent two exercise tests 30 squats per 45 s while 12-lead ECG was recorded continuously and 30-s vertical jumps test while the height, contact and flight times of each jump recorded. The parametric interactions parameters and their sequences analysis based on a mathematical method founded upon a matrix theory were applied. The obtained results enabled to identify dynamical changes of the independence of parameters or an opposite phenomenon – interaction. The dynamics of ECG or performance parameters did not allowed to fi nd out the moments of critical changes during the exercising. The dynamics of concatenation between the time of push-off and the height of jumps while performing repeated jumps has a tendency to increase in the values of discriminant and the fl uctuations at some point of jumping task comes on. Analysis of concatenation between ECG or muscle performance parameters allows distinguishing the individual peculiarities which could be in value of discriminant, in time of exercising before the fl uctuations occurs, in character how the body behave as to compensate fatigue. It was concluded that assessment the dynamics of inter-parametric concatenation of physiological parameters based on the data sequences analysis provide a new approach in the field of functional state assessment allowing to reveal features of functional preparedness and fatigability during workloads. Full article

There is a strong need for more studies devoted to the analysis of changes in physiological processes during the incremental bicycle exercise when increasing the intensity of physical activity, serious ischemic episodes in cardiac muscle occur. The aim of this study was a synchronous observation of physiological changes during bicycle ergometry. Participants of the study were 27 healthy male volunteers. All participants of the study performed a graded exercise test to maximal efforts. A 12-lead electrocardiogram was recorded during exercise test and the first three minutes of recovery. Heart rate and ST-segment depression (sum of negative amplitudes) was analyzed. InSpectra Standad System Model 325 (Hutchinson Technology, Hutchinson, Minnesota, USA) was used for the registration of changes in oxygen saturation during exercise and recovery. The InSpectra sensor was placed on m. vastus lateralis. The results obtained in this study showed that changes in oxygen saturation depended on the intensity of workload. During the incremental increase in workload, oxygen saturation decreased in active muscles. While performing the final stages of exercise, a gradual increase in oxygen saturation is observed in the muscles of some participants. Increasing the intensity of physical activity to maximal efforts, rise in oxygen saturation (second phase) coincides with augmentative ischemic episodes in cardiac muscle.
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