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Authors = Elan von Willert

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14 pages, 1944 KiB  
Article
Fractional Variability—A Tool to Study Blazar Variability
by Bernd Schleicher, Axel Arbet-Engels, Dominik Baack, Matteo Balbo, Adrian Biland, Michael Blank, Thomas Bretz, Kai Bruegge, Michael Bulinski, Jens Buss, Manuel Doerr, Daniela Dorner, Dominik Elsaesser, Sergej Grischagin, Dorothee Hildebrand, Lena Linhoff, Karl Mannheim, Sebastian Achim Mueller, Dominik Neise, Andrii Neronov, Maximilian Noethe, Aleksander Paravac, Wolfgang Rhode, Florian Schulz, Kevin Sedlaczek, Amit Shukla, Vitalii Sliusar, Elan von Willert and Roland Walteradd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Galaxies 2019, 7(2), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7020062 - 30 May 2019
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6901
Abstract
Active Galactic Nuclei emit radiation over the whole electromagnetic spectrum up to TeV energies. Blazars are one subtype with their jets pointing towards the observer. One of their typical features is extreme variability on timescales, from minutes to years. The fractional variability is [...] Read more.
Active Galactic Nuclei emit radiation over the whole electromagnetic spectrum up to TeV energies. Blazars are one subtype with their jets pointing towards the observer. One of their typical features is extreme variability on timescales, from minutes to years. The fractional variability is an often used parameter for investigating the degree of variability of a light curve. Different detection methods and sensitivities of the instruments result in differently binned data and light curves with gaps. As they can influence the physics interpretation of the broadband variability, the effects of these differences on the fractional variability need to be studied. In this paper, we study the systematic effects of completeness in time coverage and the sampling rate. Using public data from instruments monitoring blazars in various energy ranges, we study the variability of the bright TeV blazars Mrk 421 and Mrk 501 over the electromagnetic spectrum, taking into account the systematic effects, and compare our findings with previous results. Especially in the TeV range, the fractional variability is higher than in previous studies, which can be explained by the much longer (seven years compared to few weeks) and more complete data sample. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring the Non-Thermal Universe)
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11 pages, 901 KiB  
Article
Flux States of Active Galactic Nuclei
by Daniela Dorner, Axel Arbet-Engels, Dominik Baack, Matteo Balbo, Adrian Biland, Michael Blank, Thomas Bretz, Kai Bruegge, Michael Bulinski, Jens Buss, Manuel Doerr, Dominik Elsaesser, Dorothee Hildebrand, Lena Linhoff, Karl Mannheim, Sebastian Achim Mueller, Dominik Neise, Andrii Neronov, Maximilian Noethe, Aleksander Paravac, Wolfgang Rhode, Bernd Schleicher, Florian Schulz, Kevin Sedlaczek, Amit Shukla, Vitalii Sliusar, Elan von Willert, Roland Walter and FACT Collaborationadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Galaxies 2019, 7(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies7020057 - 21 May 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3837
Abstract
Blazars are known to show variability on time scales from minutes to years covering a wide range of flux states. Studying the flux distribution of a source allows for various insights. The shape of the flux distribution can provide information on the nature [...] Read more.
Blazars are known to show variability on time scales from minutes to years covering a wide range of flux states. Studying the flux distribution of a source allows for various insights. The shape of the flux distribution can provide information on the nature of the underlying variability processes. The level of a possible quiescent state can be derived from the main part of the distribution that can be described by a Gaussian distribution. Dividing the flux states into quiescent and active, the duty cycle of a source can be calculated. Finally, this allows alerting the multi-wavelength and multi-messenger community in case a source is in an active state. To get consistent and conclusive results from flux distributions, unbiased long-term observations are crucial. Only like this is a complete picture of the variability and flux states, e.g., an all-time quiescent state, possible. In seven years of monitoring of bright TeV blazars, the first G-APD Cherenkov telescope (FACT) has collected a total of more than 11,700 hours of physics data with 1500 hours to 3000 hours per source for Mrk 421, Mrk 501, 1ES 1959+650, and 1ES 2344+51. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring the Non-Thermal Universe)
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