Search Results (3)

Background/Objectives: Clozapine, the gold-standard treatment for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, is linked to metabolic disturbances such as weight gain and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the association between HTR2C polymorphisms and these adverse effects. Following PRISMA guidelines, 27 studies (n = 4044 patients, including 1804 clozapine-treated) were analyzed. Results: A meta-analysis revealed that the rs3813929 T allele was associated with a smaller increase in body weight, showing a mean BMI difference of 0.59 kg/m² (95% CI: −1.02 to −0.17; *p* = 0.006), particularly in males. The rs1414334 C allele doubled MetS risk (OR: 2.15; 95% CI: 1.42–3.27; *p* = 0.0003). Haplotype analyses suggested combined genetic effects, though findings for other polymorphisms were inconsistent. Key limitations include study heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and the predominance of mixed antipsychotic regimens (clozapine with other psychotropics) in included studies, potentially confounding metabolic outcomes. Despite this, rs3813929 and rs1414334 emerge as promising pharmacogenetic markers for predicting metabolic risks. Conclusions: These results highlight the need for large-scale, prospective studies across diverse populations to validate associations and optimize personalized monitoring strategies. Implementing genetic screening could enhance early intervention, improving long-term outcomes for clozapine-treated patients. Full article

In this study, hemicelluloses of aspen wood (Pópulus trémula) were obtained by oxidative delignification in an acetic acid-water-hydrogen peroxide medium at temperatures of 70–100 °C and a process time of 1–4 h. The maximum polysaccharide yield of up to 9.68 wt% was reported. The composition and structure of the hemicelluloses were studied using a complex of physicochemical methods: gas and gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose monomer units were identified in the hemicelluloses by gas chromatography. The weight average molecular weight M_w of the products determined by gel permeation chromatography was found to range within 8932–33,142 g/mol. The reported Fourier-transform spectra of the hemicelluloses contain all the bands characteristic of heteropolysaccharides; a weak lignin absorption signal in the spectra at 1500–1510 cm⁻¹ is attributed to a minor content of phenolic fragments in the structure of the obtained hemicelluloses. The use of thermogravimetric analysis established that the hemicelluloses isolated from aspen wood are resistant against heating to temperatures of up to 90–100 °C and, upon further heating up to 400 °C, start destructing at an increasing rate. The antioxidant activity of the hemicelluloses was examined using the compounds that mimic free radicals (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and hydroxyl radicals (salicylic acid). It was found that the activity of all polysaccharides in neutralizing DPPH and hydroxyl radicals is lower than the absorption capacity of vitamin C at all the tested concentrations (0.5, 2, and 5 mg/mL) and attains 81.7 and 82.9%, respectively. Full article

Background and Objective. VKORC1, CYP2C9, and CYP4F2 are known to be responsible for the metabolism of warfarin. The aim was to explore the frequencies of these genotypes in the Russian population and compare the results with those for other populations.
Material and Methods. In total, 91 Caucasian subjects with a mean age of 66.17 years (SD, 10.9) were recruited into the study. Of them, 40 patients (48.2%) were men. In order to obtain necessary clinical data, the medical records of the patients were reviewed. Blood (5 mL) was taken from each subject, and DNA was isolated and used for identification of the CYP2C9 allele *1, *2, *3, –1639G/A VKORC1, and CYP4F2 V433M rs2108622 C>T, using the real-time polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay.
Results. The CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype was detected in 67.0%, CYP2C9*1/*2 in 9.9%, CYP2C9* 1/*3 in 11.0%, CYP2C9*2/*2 in 2.2%, CYP2C9*2/*3 in 8.8%, and CYP2C9*3/*3 in 1.1% of the patients. The results for VKORC1 were as follows: 49.5% (GG), 28.6% (GA), and 22.0% (AA); meanwhile, those for the genotype CYP4F2 were 57.1% (CC), 34.1% (CT), and 7.7% (TT). No significant deviations from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed. The frequency of the polymorphisms in the Russian population was found to differ from Asian and close to Caucasian. There were no significant interethnic variations in the frequency of CYP4F2 among Russian, Asian, and Caucasian populations.
Conclusion. The frequency of CYP2C9, CYP4F2, and VKORC1 polymorphisms in Russian patients is comparable with other European ethnic groups. Full article