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Low Temperature Physics, Pioneer of Chinese Low Temperature Physics and...
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Low Temperature Physics, Pioneer of Chinese Low Temperature Physics and Cryogenics—In Memory of Prof. Dr. Chaosheng Hong (C.S. Hung)

A special issue of Cryo (ISSN 3042-4860).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 9010

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Laifeng Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: low temperature physics; applied superconductivity; gas industry; cryogenic materials
Prof. Dr. Chuanjun Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: cryogenic structural materials
Dr. Feng Feng

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
Interests: cryogenic materials; history of natural science; the spirit of scientists

Special Issue Information

Prof. Dr. Chaosheng Hong (C.S. Hung)

text

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is dedicated to the memory of our colleague and friend Prof. Dr. Chaosheng Hong (C.S. Hung), who was born in 1920 and passed away in 2018. He obtained his PhD from the MIT in 1948 and then worked at Purdue University and at Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory. He measured the anomalous resistivity and Hall effect of impure semiconductors (germanium) at low temperature in 1950 and published the meaningful paper “Resistivity and Hall effect of germanium at low temperatures” in 1954, in which he proposed the phenomenological model of electronic conduction via the impurity states in the forbidden band. This paper is considered to be a pioneering work of electronic transport mechanisms in disordered systems. On the basis of Hung’s discovery, the theory of Anderson Localization was established in 1958. Anderson and Mott shared the 1977 Nobel Physics Prize with John H. Van Vleck for their theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems. Fritzsche, supervised by Hung, won the 1989 Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Award.

Since 1951, he founded the first cryogenic laboratory in China and became a pioneer of low temperature physics and cryogenics. Prof. Dr. Hong has given fundamental contributions to low temperature physics, applied superconductivity, space technology, gas industry, cryogenic materials, and cryobiology. Prof. Dr. Hong was recognized with a number of awards, such as being awarded the Academician in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (1980), the Mendelssohn Award (2000), and the Samuel. C. Collins Award (2011). 

This Special Issue will include original papers, short communications, and review papers on subjects related to the research fields where Prof. Dr. Hong has been active, mainly low temperature physics, applied superconductivity, space technology, gas industry, cryogenic materials, and cryobiology.

All these research subjects are still very active subjects of the current research in physics and cryogenic technology.

Prof. Dr. Laifeng Li
Prof. Dr. Chuanjun Huang
Dr. Feng Feng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cryo is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1000 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • low temperature physics
  • spacecraft thermal control
  • space environment simulation
  • magnetic confinement fusion
  • high energy accelerator
  • superconducting magnetic separation
  • magnet resonance imaging
  • nuclear magnetic resonance
  • superconducting filter
  • superconducting transition edge detector
  • superconducting single photon detector
  • air separation
  • helium cryogenics
  • hydrogen liquefaction
  • liquefied natural gas
  • cryogenic structural material
  • solid state refrigeration
  • abnormal thermal expansion
  • principle and application of cryobiology
  • instrumentation in cryosurgery and cryobiology
  • cell cryobiology

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 1691 KB  
Editorial
Chaosheng Hong: The Pioneer of Cryogenics in China
by Feng Feng and Laifeng Li
Cryo 2025, 1(3), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryo1030010 - 29 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1136
Abstract
Chaosheng Hong (1920–2018) was a research professor at the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (TIPC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) (Figure 1) [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Temperature Physics, Pioneer of Chinese Low Temperature Physics and Cryogenics—In Memory of Prof. Dr. Chaosheng Hong (C.S. Hung))
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Figure 1

Review

Jump to: Editorial

10 pages, 425 KB  
Review
Electrochemical Intercalation: An Effective Approach for Chemical Modification of FeSe-Based High-Temperature Superconductors
by Hua Zhang, Jihu Lu, Feng Wu, Yunzhenshan Gao, Yuhang Zhang, Ziyi Liu and Xiaoli Dong
Cryo 2026, 2(2), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryo2020006 - 4 May 2026
Viewed by 182
Abstract
FeSe-based superconductors have become a hot topic with regard to high-temperature superconductor mechanisms and applications due to their broadly adjustable critical temperatures and the underlying rich physics. This has led to the emergence of numerous experimental approaches for regulating important critical parameters, particularly [...] Read more.
FeSe-based superconductors have become a hot topic with regard to high-temperature superconductor mechanisms and applications due to their broadly adjustable critical temperatures and the underlying rich physics. This has led to the emergence of numerous experimental approaches for regulating important critical parameters, particularly superconducting transition temperature, Tc. Owing to its powerful and effective control, electrochemical intercalation has become a widely adopted technique for tailoring the chemical and physical properties of layered materials in recent years. This short review concisely introduces FeSe-based superconductors and an electrochemical intercalation method and summarizes the research progress that has been made in utilizing this method to modulate the structure and superconductivity of FeSe-based materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Temperature Physics, Pioneer of Chinese Low Temperature Physics and Cryogenics—In Memory of Prof. Dr. Chaosheng Hong (C.S. Hung))
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19 pages, 1854 KB  
Review
Thermal Radiation Testing Methods at Cryogenic Temperatures: A Review
by Bixi Li and Fuzhi Shen
Cryo 2026, 2(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryo2010004 - 17 Mar 2026
Viewed by 681
Abstract
As one of the three fundamental modes of heat transfer, thermal radiation has long attracted interest due to its independence from a medium and its strong temperature dependence. In extreme environments such as deep space exploration and cryogenic engineering, thermal radiation often becomes [...] Read more.
As one of the three fundamental modes of heat transfer, thermal radiation has long attracted interest due to its independence from a medium and its strong temperature dependence. In extreme environments such as deep space exploration and cryogenic engineering, thermal radiation often becomes the dominant heat transfer mechanism. Consequently, the radiative properties of materials are crucial for achieving precise thermal control, directly influencing the thermal stability and overall performance of advanced systems, including space probes, cryogenic devices, and superconducting components operating under high-vacuum and low-temperature conditions. This paper provides a systematic review of the physical mechanisms, key factors affecting emissivity, major measurement methods, and technological developments related to material radiative properties at cryogenic temperatures. Particular attention is given to experimental methods and techniques describing material radiative behavior, along with a comparative analysis of the suitability of different measurement techniques for cryogenic applications. Finally, the study highlights the significant practical value of this research for fields such as aerospace, precision electronics, and cryogenic instrumentation, aiming to offer insights for optimizing cryogenic thermal management and guiding the design of novel functional materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Temperature Physics, Pioneer of Chinese Low Temperature Physics and Cryogenics—In Memory of Prof. Dr. Chaosheng Hong (C.S. Hung))
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18 pages, 1581 KB  
Review
Overview of China’s Fusion Magnet Technology Based on the Superconducting Tokamak Strategy
by Huajun Liu, Shuowei Gao, Wenzhe Hong and Fang Liu
Cryo 2026, 2(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryo2010003 - 25 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1963
Abstract
Fusion energy represents humanity’s most promising solution for achieving limitless, carbon-free power. The superconducting Tokamak has emerged as the primary pathway to realize this goal. China’s systematic multi-phase strategy, progressing from the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor [...] Read more.
Fusion energy represents humanity’s most promising solution for achieving limitless, carbon-free power. The superconducting Tokamak has emerged as the primary pathway to realize this goal. China’s systematic multi-phase strategy, progressing from the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) to the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) partnership, and now advancing the China Fusion Engineering Demonstration Reactor (CFEDR), has catalyzed transformative innovations in fusion magnet technology, including the development of high-current-density Cable-in-Conduit Conductors (CICC) using both low-temperature superconductors (LTSs) and high temperature superconductors (HTSs), radiation-resistant ultra-low-resistance joints enabling efficient power transfer, multi-sensor quench detection systems with millisecond-level response for magnet integrity preservation, and cryogenic thermal management via multi-stage heat interception zones. This accumulated expertise in superconducting magnet technologies will accelerate the commercialization of fusion energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Temperature Physics, Pioneer of Chinese Low Temperature Physics and Cryogenics—In Memory of Prof. Dr. Chaosheng Hong (C.S. Hung))
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16 pages, 1452 KB  
Review
Research Progress of Epoxy-Based Composites for Insulating Encapsulation of Superconducting Magnets
by Shen Zhao, Zhicong Miao, Zhixiong Wu, Rongjin Huang and Laifeng Li
Cryo 2026, 2(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryo2010002 - 5 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 793
Abstract
Epoxy-based composites are crucial insulating and structural materials for superconducting magnets, providing mechanical strength, winding fixation, and heat transfer. However, future superconducting devices with higher integration and power will place even higher demands on their toughness, thermal conductivity, electrical insulation, and radiation resistance [...] Read more.
Epoxy-based composites are crucial insulating and structural materials for superconducting magnets, providing mechanical strength, winding fixation, and heat transfer. However, future superconducting devices with higher integration and power will place even higher demands on their toughness, thermal conductivity, electrical insulation, and radiation resistance at low temperatures. Otherwise, problems such as cracking, detachment, and low heat dissipation efficiency will arise, which may lead to quenching of low-temperature superconductors (Nb3Sn, NbTi) and a decline in the performance of high-temperature superconductors (YBCO). Research focuses on summarizing the recent progress in modifying epoxy resin to address these issues. The current strategies include formula optimization using mixed curing and toughening agents to enhance mechanical properties, incorporating functional fillers to improve cryogenic thermal conductivity and reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion. Studies also evaluate cryogenic electrical insulation performance (DC breakdown strength, flashover voltage) and radiation resistance under cryogenic conditions. These advancements aim to develop reliable epoxy composites, ensuring the stability and safety of superconducting magnets in applications such as particle accelerators and fusion reactors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Temperature Physics, Pioneer of Chinese Low Temperature Physics and Cryogenics—In Memory of Prof. Dr. Chaosheng Hong (C.S. Hung))
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23 pages, 1650 KB  
Review
Development of Cryogenic Structural Steels for Magnetic Confinement Fusion
by Jingjing Dai and Chuanjun Huang
Cryo 2025, 1(4), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryo1040013 - 30 Oct 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1516
Abstract
With the growth in global energy demand and increasing concern over the environmental issues associated with fossil fuels, magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) has gained widespread attention as a clean and sustainable energy solution. The superconducting magnet systems in MCF devices operate under liquid [...] Read more.
With the growth in global energy demand and increasing concern over the environmental issues associated with fossil fuels, magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) has gained widespread attention as a clean and sustainable energy solution. The superconducting magnet systems in MCF devices operate under liquid helium temperature of 4.2 K and strong magnetic fields, requiring structural materials to possess exceptional high strength, high toughness, and non-magnetic properties. This paper reviews recent research advances in cryogenic high-strength and high-toughness austenitic stainless steels (ASSs) for MCF devices, focusing on modified grades like 316LN and JK2LB used in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, as well as China’s CHN01 steel developed for the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) project. The mechanical properties at 4.2 K (including yield strength (Rp0.2), fracture toughness (K(J)Ic), and Elongation (e)), microstructural evolutions, weldability, and manufacturing challenges of these materials are systematically analyzed. Finally, the different technical approaches and achievements in material development among Japan, the United States, and China are compared, the current limitations of these materials in terms of weld integrity and manufacturability are discussed, and future research directions are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Temperature Physics, Pioneer of Chinese Low Temperature Physics and Cryogenics—In Memory of Prof. Dr. Chaosheng Hong (C.S. Hung))
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12 pages, 2478 KB  
Review
Technology and Development of Hydrogen–Helium Cryogenics Created by Hong Chaosheng
by Zhongjun Hu
Cryo 2025, 1(3), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryo1030011 - 30 Aug 2025
Viewed by 1639
Abstract
Professor Hong Chaosheng, as the founding figure and pioneer of China’s hydrogen and helium cryogenic technology, played a pivotal role in advancing this field from its inception to global competitiveness. This paper systematically reviews the seven-decade-long cryogenic research trajectory of the Technical Institute [...] Read more.
Professor Hong Chaosheng, as the founding figure and pioneer of China’s hydrogen and helium cryogenic technology, played a pivotal role in advancing this field from its inception to global competitiveness. This paper systematically reviews the seven-decade-long cryogenic research trajectory of the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS (formerly the Cryogenic Technology Experimental Center), with particular emphasis on milestone scientific achievements and their significant applications. In the 1960s, the Institute’s breakthrough in long-piston-expander-precooled helium liquefaction technology provided critical support for China’s space technology and superconductivity research. Since the 21st century, building upon Professor Hong’s academic legacy, the Institute has successively overcome core technological challenges in developing high-speed helium turbine expanders, high-efficiency oil-flooded screw compressors, and superfluid helium temperature refrigeration systems. These innovations have yielded a complete series of large-scale cryogenic equipment with independent intellectual property rights. These advancements have been successfully applied in national megaprojects such as neutron sources and superconducting magnet testing facilities, with some technical parameters reaching internationally leading standards. Looking ahead, with the rapid development of quantum computing and fusion energy, China’s hydrogen–helium cryogenic technology will continue to optimize equipment performance while expanding application frontiers through enhanced international collaboration, thereby making greater contributions to cutting-edge scientific research and clean energy development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Temperature Physics, Pioneer of Chinese Low Temperature Physics and Cryogenics—In Memory of Prof. Dr. Chaosheng Hong (C.S. Hung))
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