Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine-Induced Antibody Response and Influencing Determinants in Patients ≥ 55 Years of Age in the 2018/2019 Season
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting, Study Population, and Sampling
2.2. Vaccine and Vaccination
2.3. Serological Testing
2.4. Vaccination Immunogenicity Assessment
- GMT (geometric mean titers) calculated at baseline (day 0) and 28–36 days after vaccination,
- Average increase in antibody titers: GMTR (geometric mean titers ratio)—geometric mean of the individual post-vaccination/pre-vaccination titer ratios,
- PR (protection rate)—the proportion of subjects with an HAI antibody titer ≥ 1:40,
- Seroconversion—either (1) an HAI titer < 10 at day 0 and a post-vaccination (day 28–36) HAI titer ≥ 40 or (2) an HAI titer ≥10 at day 0 and a ≥4-fold increase in HAI titer between day 0 and post-vaccination [16].
2.5. Ethical Approval
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Study Participants
3.2. Influenza Vaccination
3.3. Serologic Antibody Response after Influenza Vaccination
3.4. Determinants of Seroconversion
4. Discussion
4.1. Results Overview
4.2. Serologic Antibody Response after Influenza Vaccination
4.3. Determinants of Serologic Antibody Response
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | % |
---|---|---|
Age [years] mean 66.7 (SD 6.7) | ||
55–67 | 59 | 54.6 |
68–85 | 49 | 45.4 |
Gender | ||
Female | 49 | 45.4 |
Male | 59 | 54.6 |
BMI [kg/m2] mean 28.1 (SD 4.9) | ||
<18.5 | 3 | 2.8 |
18.5–24.99 | 21 | 19.4 |
25.0–29.99 | 43 | 39.8 |
≥30.0 | 41 | 38.0 |
Smoking | ||
current | 20 | 18.5 |
quit | 45 | 41.7 |
never | 43 | 39.8 |
Alcohol Consumption | ||
1–2 times a month | 62 | 57.4 |
1–2 times a week | 7 | 6.5 |
≥2 times a week/daily | 3 | 2.8 |
non-drinker | 18 | 16.7 |
had been drinking in the past | 18 | 16.7 |
Self-Reported Respiratory Symptoms in the Current Season | ||
yes | 14 | 13.0 |
no | 90 | 83.3 |
did not know | 4 | 3.7 |
Comorbidities | ||
yes | 37 | 34.3 |
no | 71 | 65.7 |
Vaccinated in the Previous Season | ||
yes | 17 | 15.7 |
no | 88 | 81.5 |
did not remember | 3 | 2.8 |
Vaccinated in Lifetime | ||
never | 68 | 63.0 |
once | 15 | 13.9 |
>1 | 25 | 23.1 |
Antigen | GMT 1 | GMTR 2 | PR (%) 3 | SR (%) 4 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
* Pre- | ** Post- | ** Post- | * Pre- | ** Post- | * Post- | |
A/Michigan/45/2015 [A/H1N1/pdm09] | 1.74 | 14.54 | 8.35 | 5.6 | 41.8 | 38.0 |
A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 [A/H3N2/] | 1.00 | 61.53 | 61.53 | 0.0 | 64.8 | 64.8 |
B/Colorado/06/2017 [Victoria lineage] | 3.08 | 31.76 | 10.29 | 8.3 | 57.4 | 46.8 |
B/Phuket/3073/2013 [Yamagata lineage] | 14.18 | 43.02 | 3.03 | 17.6 | 70.4 | 48.2 |
Variable | Viral Strain | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A/Michigan/45/2015 a | A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 b | B/Colorado/06/2017 c | B/Phuket/3073/2013 d | ||||||||||
n/N | % | P | n/N | % | p | n/N | % | p | n/N | % | p | ||
Gender | Males | 18/59 | 30.5 | 0.11 | 39/59 | 66.1 | 0.84 | 30/59 | 50.8 | 0.34 | 25/59 | 42.4 | 0.25 |
Females | 23/49 | 46.9 | 31/49 | 63.3 | 20/49 | 40.8 | 27/49 | 55.1 | |||||
Age (years) | 55–67 | 25/59 | 42.4 | 0.32 | 37/59 | 62.7 | 0.69 | 25/59 | 42.4 | 0.44 | 29/59 | 49.15 | 0.85 |
68–85 | 16/49 | 32.7 | 33/49 | 67.4 | 25/49 | 51.0 | 23/49 | 46.94 | |||||
BMI (kg/m2) | <25 | 10/24 | 41.7 | 0.81 | 13/24 | 54.2 | 0.23 | 15/24 | 62.5 | 0.10 | 17/24 | 70.8 | 0.02 |
≥94 | 31/84 | 36.9 | 57/84 | 67.9 | 35/84 | 41.7 | 35/84 | 41.7 | |||||
Smoker | Current | 9/20 | 45.0 | 0.61 | 13/20 | 65.0 | 1.00 | 11/20 | 55.0 | 0.46 | 14/20 | 70.0 | 0.05 |
in the past/never | 32/88 | 36.4 | 57/88 | 64.8 | 39/88 | 44.3 | 38/88 | 43.1 | |||||
Alcohol uptake | ≤1–2/month | 33/80 | 41.3 | 0.27 | 49/80 | 61.3 | 0.25 | 37/80 | 46.3 | 1.00 | 38/80 | 47.5 | 0.83 |
>1–2/month | 8/28 | 28.6 | 21/28 | 75.0 | 13/28 | 46.4 | 14/28 | 50.0 | |||||
Comorbidities | Yes | 13/37 | 35.1 | 0.68 | 26/37 | 70.3 | 0.52 | 14/37 | 37.8 | 0.23 | 16/37 | 43.2 | 0.54 |
No | 28/71 | 39.4 | 44/71 | 62.0 | 36/71 | 50.7 | 36/71 | 50.7 | |||||
Self-reported respiratory symptoms in the current season | Yes | 5/14 | 35.7 | 1.00 | 9/14 | 64.3 | 1.00 | 6/14 | 46.9 | 1.00 | 7/14 | 50.0 | 1.00 |
No | 36/94 | 38.3 | 61/94 | 64.9 | 44/94 | 46.8 | 45/94 | 47.9 | |||||
Vaccination ever in life time | Yes | 11/40 | 27.5 | 0.10 | 21/40 | 52.5 | 0.06 | 5/40 | 12.5 | < 0.0001 ** | 14/40 | 53.0 | 0.046 ** |
No | 30/68 | 44.1 | 49/68 | 72.152.5 | 45/68 | 66.2 | 38/68 | 55.9 | |||||
Vaccination in the previous season | Yes | 3/17 | 17.6 | 0.05 | 10/17 | 58.8 | 0.38 | 2/17 | 11.8 | < 0.0001 ** | 4/17 | 23.5 | 0.03 ** |
No | 30/68 | 44.1 | 49/68 | 72.1 | 45/68 | 66.2 | 38/68 | 55.9 |
Antigen | Not Vaccinated in the Previous Year n = 91 | Previous Year Vaccination n = 17 | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | N | % | ||
A/Michigan/45/2015 [A/H1N1/pdm09] | 5 | 5.5 | 1 | 5.9 | 1.00 |
A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 [A/H3N2/] | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | n.a. |
B/Colorado/06/2017 [Victoria lineage] | 4 | 4.4 | 5 | 29.4 | 0.005 |
B/Phuket/3073/2013 [Yamagata lineage] | 14 | 15.4 | 5 | 29.4 | 0.18 |
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Ganczak, M.; Dubiel, P.; Drozd-Dąbrowska, M.; Hallmann-Szelińska, E.; Szymański, K.; Brydak, L.B. Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine-Induced Antibody Response and Influencing Determinants in Patients ≥ 55 Years of Age in the 2018/2019 Season. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224489
Ganczak M, Dubiel P, Drozd-Dąbrowska M, Hallmann-Szelińska E, Szymański K, Brydak LB. Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine-Induced Antibody Response and Influencing Determinants in Patients ≥ 55 Years of Age in the 2018/2019 Season. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(22):4489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224489
Chicago/Turabian StyleGanczak, Maria, Paulina Dubiel, Marzena Drozd-Dąbrowska, Ewelina Hallmann-Szelińska, Karol Szymański, and Lidia B. Brydak. 2019. "Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine-Induced Antibody Response and Influencing Determinants in Patients ≥ 55 Years of Age in the 2018/2019 Season" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22: 4489. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224489