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Editorial

Adsorption-Based Low-Temperature NO2 Pollution Control for a Sustainable Future

by
Yuying Wang
†,
Tianqi Wang
† and
Jin Shang
*
School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Purification 2025, 1(3), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/purification1030008
Submission received: 12 October 2025 / Revised: 28 October 2025 / Accepted: 28 October 2025 / Published: 30 October 2025
Versions Notes

1. Introduction

Despite significant progress in renewable energy development, nitrogen oxides (NOx) remain a persistent air pollutant. They are unavoidably generated during combustion, where nitrogen and oxygen react to form thermal NOx [1]. Among these, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is particularly harmful, damaging the respiratory system and exacerbating asthma and bronchitis [2,3], while chronic exposure can impair lung function and increase cardiovascular risk [4]. Moreover, NO2 contributes to atmospheric reactions forming ozone, nitrate aerosols, and acid rain. Given its adverse health and environmental effects, developing effective, low-temperature NO2 abatement technologies is critical.

2. Limitations of Conventional NO2 Control

Traditional DeNOx technologies such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) operate effectively at high temperatures (>200 °C) [5,6,7]. These processes are ideal for stationary industrial sources but unsuitable for low-temperature or ambient NO2 pollution. In contrast, adsorption-based approaches can capture NO2 efficiently across a wide temperature range, relying on physical and chemical interactions between gas molecules and active adsorption sites.

3. Advances in Adsorbent Materials

A range of porous materials have been investigated for NO2 capture, each with distinct advantages and limitations. The capacities of four primary classes of adsorbents are compared in Table 1.

3.1. Activated Carbons (ACs)

ACs, derived from natural precursors such as olive stones, sawdust, and coal [8,9,10,11,12,13], offer high surface areas and microporosity, as well as a low cost of approximately 0.001 USD/g [14], making them favorable for practical NO2 capture where high selectivity is not compulsory. Their adsorption performance can be enhanced through surface modification, heteroatom doping, and the use of engineered synthetic precursors, which improve selectivity and uptake by strengthening surface interactions and increasing active site density. To address regeneration challenges, where thermal desorption of chemisorbed NO2 species may degrade the carbon structure over cycles, advanced regeneration techniques such as mild-temperature vacuum desorption and chemical treatments can be employed to minimize capacity loss and extend material lifespan [15,16].

3.2. Silicas

Mesoporous silicas, such as Santa Barbara Amoophous-15 (SBA-15) and chrysanthemum flower-like silica (KCC-1), provide high surface areas and uniform pore networks [17,18,19,20], enabling NO2 capture with scalable, low-cost synthesis (ca. 0.3–0.5 USD/g). Nevertheless, the low polarity of silanol groups in pure silicas leads to limited capacity for adsorption of NO2. Incorporating amine groups, metal oxides, or nanoparticles can strengthen NO2 binding. While functionalization steps increase costs, these can be mitigated by streamlining processes such as one-pot synthesis or using inexpensive precursors [21]. The degradation of Si–O bonds during NO2 adsorption often limits long-term stability; however, this challenge can be addressed by developing more robust frameworks through silica hybridization with stable polymers or coatings [22,23]. Therefore, utilizing silicas as solid supports to construct composites presents a more promising approach.

3.3. Zeolites

Zeolites feature well-defined pore geometries and tunable cationic sites [24,25,26]. Na–FAU zeolite (13X) exhibits strong NO2 adsorption due to its accessible pore structure and abundant cation sites [25]. Furthermore, under controlled humidity, zeolites can capture NO2 completely without releasing NO, making them ideal for removing NO2 from dry emissions. Nevertheless, competitive adsorption of water remains a key challenge, motivating the design of hydrophobic zeolite surfaces, such as through silylation or incorporating non-polar functional groups, to maintain performance in humid environments [27,28]. The high cost of organic structure-directing agents for synthesizing advanced zeolites can be mitigated by developing and adopting template-free synthesis methods [29,30].

3.4. Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Covalent–Organic Frameworks (COFs)

MOFs and COFs enable precise control over structure and functionality [31,32,33,34]. Porphyrin-based MOFs (PMOFs) demonstrate high NO2 capacities through hydrogen bonding at bridging –OH sites [35], while amino-functionalized MOF-808 analogs exhibit strong acid–base interactions and minimal NO formation [36]. Therefore, MOFs are preferred in applications requiring high NO2 capacity or the inhibition of NO release. However, the high costs associated with the synthesis of MOFs and COFs (e.g., 200 USD/g for the Ui0-66 MOF [14]), often involving expensive ligands, metal precursors, and energy-intensive solvothermal processes, represent a major barrier to scalability and industrial adoption. This can be addressed through mass production of ligands, optimization of synthetic routes (e.g., mechanochemical or aqueous methods) [37], and scaling up to achieve economies of scale [38]. Long-term stability and scalability of MOFs/COFs during NO2 capture under real-world humidity and temperature conditions can be improved via incorporating moisture-resistant linkers, post-synthetic modifications for enhanced robustness, or hybridizing with stable supports [39,40,41].
Table 1. NO2 adsorption capacities of ACs, zeolites, MOFs, and COFs.
Table 1. NO2 adsorption capacities of ACs, zeolites, MOFs, and COFs.
AdsorbentsAdsorption Test ConditionsNO2 Adsorption
Capacity (mmol/g)		Reference
Activated carbons
Commercial BAX-1500 modified with urea1000 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 70% RH (wet), 0.45 L/min1.43 (dry); 3.04 (wet)[42]
Commercial BAX-1500 modified with copper and hydrazine1000 ppm NO2, dry air, 0.45 L/min4.48[43]
MOF-derived carbon1000 ppm NO2, He (dry)/500 ppm NO2 and 80–85% RH (wet), 200 mL/min4.97 (dry); 6.70 (wet)[44]
Silicas
SBA-151000 ppm NO2, N2, 225 mL/min0.46[20]
NH2-SBA-151000 ppm NO2, N2, 225 mL/min2.70
Cerium–zirconium mixed oxides modified with SBA-151000 ppm NO2, N2, 225 mL/min6.91[18]
Copper nanoparticles modified with KCC-1500 ppm NO2, dry air, 200 mL/min3.63[17]
Zeolites
CHA zeolite Co2+-2-L1000 ppm NO2, 60 mL/min4.65[24]
CHA zeolite Ni2+-2-L1000 ppm NO2, 60 mL/min4.06
CHA zeolite Co2+-6-L1000 ppm NO2, 60 mL/min3.25
CHA zeolite Ni2+-6-L1000 ppm NO2, 60 mL/min,2.71
HKUST-11000 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 70% RH (wet), 225 mL/min2.30 (dry); 1.17 (wet)[45]
MOFs
UiO-661000 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 71% RH (wet), 225 mL/min1.59 (dry); 0.87 (wet)[46]
UiO-671000 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 71% RH (wet), 225 mL/min1.72 (dry); 2.57 (wet)
MOF-808250 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 80% RH (wet), 20 mL/min1.20 (dry); 0.83 (wet)[36]
808-IPA250 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 80% RH (wet), 20 mL/min3.00 (dry); 3.35 (wet)
808-OHIPA250 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 80% RH (wet), 20 mL/min1.28 (dry); 0.67 (wet)
808-NH2IPA250 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 80% RH (wet), 20 mL/min3.37 (dry); 3.22 (wet)
808-NO2IPA250 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 80% RH (wet), 20 mL/min2.72 (dry); 3.54 (wet)
808-PYDC250 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 80% RH (wet), 20 mL/min3.52 (dry); 0.70 (wet)
Al-PMOF100 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 60% RH (wet), 200 mL/min1.85 (dry); 3.61 (wet)[35]
Ga-PMOF100 ppm NO2, dry air, 200 mL/min1.13
In-PMOF100 ppm NO2, dry air, 200 mL/min0.90
PCN-222100 ppm NO2, dry air, 200 mL/min0.52
PCN-224100 ppm NO2, dry air, 200 mL/min1.36
Al-PMOF (Co)500 ppm NO2, dry air, 200 mL/min1.38[47]
Al-PMOF (Ni)500 ppm NO2, dry air, 200 mL/min2.30
Al-PMOF(Ni2Co2)100 ppm NO2, dry air, 200 mL/min3.69[48]
Ni-BDC DMOF1000 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 86% RH (wet), 200 mL/min1.0 (dry); 0.03 (wet)[49]
Ni-DM DMOF1000 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 86% RH (wet), 200 mL/min1.1 (dry); 0.4 (wet)
Ni-TM DMOF1000 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 86% RH (wet), 200 mL/min2.2 (dry); 1.8 (wet)
NKU-1002500 ppm NO2, N2, 40 mL/min5.80[50]
MFM-305500 ppm NO2, 80 mL/min2.38[51]
MFM-305-CH3500 ppm NO2, 80 mL/min6.58
COFs
CTF-DCP-wash500 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 60% RH (wet), 200 mL/min6.11 (dry), 4.24 (wet)[34]
CTF-DCP-Cu500 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 60% RH (wet), 200 mL/min4.27 (dry), 8.97 (wet)
CTF-DCP-Co500 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 60% RH (wet), 200 mL/min4.47 (dry), 8.47 (wet)
CTF-DCP-Ni500 ppm NO2, dry air (dry)/moist air with 60% RH (wet), 200 mL/min5.20 (dry), 8.63 (wet)

4. Application-Specific Strategies

Real-world NO2 control requires tailoring adsorbent design to specific operational contexts. Four aspects are particularly relevant: air purification systems, emission control devices, respiratory protection, and NO2 monitoring.
For air purification systems, the primary challenge is the thermodynamic difficulty of capturing trace NO2 (ppb levels) against a high background of inert gases. High-affinity adsorption is therefore critical, but it must be carefully engineered to allow for cyclic regeneration over a long service life. A promising strategy involves the use of cation-modified zeolites, MOFs, and COFs [24,34,47], where cations (e.g., Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+) interact with NO2 via π-backbonding, providing a moderately strong affinity. Certain MOFs, such as MFM-305-CH3 [51], which can be easily regenerated and use Cl− ions as active sites for NO2 adsorption, are other alternatives.
For emission control devices designed to treat industrial or mobile exhaust streams with higher NO2 concentrations, the engineering challenges shift toward processing large gas volumes and withstanding harsh, humid conditions. The focus for adsorbent development is on creating mechanically robust frameworks that are hydrothermally and chemically stable, such as Co2+/Ni2+ containing zeolites and MOFs or MOFs with hydroxyl-connected metal nodes [24,35,47,48]. These adsorbents can be functionalized with metal active sites to achieve the required high working capacity.
In respiratory protection, the primary concern is human safety, with success metrics focused on completely preventing NO2 breakthrough and minimizing hazardous byproducts like NO. Three effective strategies include the following: (1) utilizing strong acid–base interactions (e.g., amine grafting) to form stable salts and prevent NO release [52]; (2) developing highly reductive adsorbents that convert NO2 directly to N2; (3) employing materials capable of simultaneously capturing NO and NO2 (e.g., Co2+/Ni2+-zeolites and PMOFs) through π-backbonding to inhibit NO release [24,48].
For environmental monitoring applications, adsorbents must selectively enrich trace NO2 from air containing high concentrations of interferents. Materials that leverage specific redox or coordinative interactions with NO2 are ideal. Highly dispersed catalytic metals (e.g., Cu+ and Pt) on porous adsorbents can selectively engage NO2 molecules. A promising design strategy involves atomic-level engineering of sites within a porous host, such as anchoring single-atom Cu sites on a UiO-66 framework [53], to create highly specific and accessible traps for NO2, significantly enhancing sensor sensitivity and accuracy.

5. Outlook

The design of next-generation NO2 adsorbents requires balancing trade-offs among capacity, selectivity, and reusability—properties often inversely related. Future work should focus on application-driven material engineering, integrating computational modeling, in situ characterization, and scalable synthesis. Through interdisciplinary efforts, adsorption-based NO2 control can evolve from laboratory research to practical deployment, advancing global efforts toward cleaner air and a sustainable future.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.S.; investigation, Y.W. and T.W.; writing—original draft, Y.W. and T.W.; writing—review and editing, J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Refs: CityU 11317722, 11310223, and 11313125 for J.S.).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

No new data were created or analyzed in this study.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute for research support and resources.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, Y.; Wang, T.; Shang, J. Adsorption-Based Low-Temperature NO2 Pollution Control for a Sustainable Future. Purification 2025, 1, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/purification1030008

AMA Style

Wang Y, Wang T, Shang J. Adsorption-Based Low-Temperature NO2 Pollution Control for a Sustainable Future. Purification. 2025; 1(3):8. https://doi.org/10.3390/purification1030008

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Yuying, Tianqi Wang, and Jin Shang. 2025. "Adsorption-Based Low-Temperature NO2 Pollution Control for a Sustainable Future" Purification 1, no. 3: 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/purification1030008

APA Style

Wang, Y., Wang, T., & Shang, J. (2025). Adsorption-Based Low-Temperature NO2 Pollution Control for a Sustainable Future. Purification, 1(3), 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/purification1030008

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