Cell-Surface Glycan Labeling and Sensing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Glycan Recognition
2.1. Lectins
2.2. Antibodies
2.3. Aptamers
3. Glycan Covalent Labeling
3.1. Metabolic Glycan Labeling (MGL)
3.2. Chemoenzymatic Glycan Labeling (CeGL)
3.3. Chemical Covalent Labeling
4. Glycan-Specific Sensing
4.1. Surface Plasmon Resonance
4.2. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)
4.3. Optical Detection
4.3.1. Fluorescence
4.3.2. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)
4.3.3. Other Optical Methods
4.4. Electrochemical Detection
4.5. Mass Spectrometry (MS)
4.5.1. Laser-Cleavage Assisted In Situ Detection
4.5.2. Enzyme-Catalyzed Assisted In Situ Detection
Recognition Molecule | Name | Specificity | Labeling Strategy | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lectin | AAL | Fuc | Fluorescent nanodiamonds | Glycan targeting therapy | [23] |
ECA SBA BPL | Gal GalNAc GlcNAc | Fluorescent molecule | Cellular localization of glycan residues | [24] | |
NPA | Man | Cell-selective glycoform analysis | [25] | ||
SSA | Sia | ||||
LTL | Fuc | Label-free | Detection of tumor cell vesicles | [26] | |
hMGL | Tn/sTn (GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr, Siaα2-3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) | Label-free | Assessment of glycan–protein interactions | [30] | |
RCA120 | Gal, Lac | Fluorescent molecule | [31] | ||
Siglec-2-Fc | Sia | ||||
WGA | GlcNAc | Label-free | [112] | ||
UEA I | Fuc | DNA-fluorescence conjugate | Analysis of exosomal glycans of tumor cells | [125] | |
SNA | Sia | ||||
Jacalin | Gal | ||||
PNA | Gal | ||||
HPA | GalNAc | ||||
LCA | Man | Nanoparticles | Quantification of cell-surface glycans | [139] | |
WGA | GlcNAc | [142] | |||
Con A | Man | Nanoparticles, Mass tag | Quantification of cell-surface glycans | [164,165,169,171,176,177] | |
Antibody | S0G0-GlcNAc2-Qβ | GlcNAc | - | Antibody screening | [33] |
Anti CA19-9 | CA19-9 | Composite nanomaterial | Detection of CA19-9 | [35] | |
Anti-SSEA-1 | Lewis x | Technetium-99m | - | [38] | |
Anti-TF | TF (Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) | - | - | [40] | |
Anti-α-Gal (27H8) | Galili (Gal-α1,3-Gal) | - | - | [41,42] | |
IgM to the Forssman disaccharide | Forssman (GalNAc-α1,3-GalNAc) | - | - | [42,43] | |
Aptamer | SL-11 | Sialyllactose | - | - | [47] |
Apt9 | Sialyllactose | Nanoparticles | - | [48] | |
Clone 5 RNA aptamer | Sialyl Lewis X | - | Inhibition of cell adhesion | [49] | |
TGP4 | Biantennary digalactosylated disialylated N-glycan A2G2S2 | Fluorescent molecule | Quantification of cell membrane glycans | [51] |
Covalent Labeling Method | Probe | Glycan | Application | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metabolic glycan labeling | Ac4Fuc7Alk | Fuc | Fuc imaging | [57] |
1,3-Pr2GalNAz | GalNAc | Identification of protein glycosylation | [58] | |
Ac4ManAz | Sia | Sia imaging | [59] | |
GlcNAz, GlcNAl | Polysaccharide E. coli K5 | In vivo bacterial detection | [60] | |
ManNAz 1,3-Pr2ManNAz 1,6-Pr2ManNAz | Sia | Avoiding S-glyco-modification and SA imaging | [62,63,64] | |
Chemoenzymatic glycan labeling | ST3Gal1 | Sia (donor sugar) | Probing of the binding specificities of siglecs | [73] |
ST6Gal1 | Sia (donor sugar) | Capturing glycan–protein interactions | [74] | |
CgtA | GalNAc (donor sugar) | Investigation of the effects of pathogen invasion | [75] | |
WbwK | Fuc (donor sugar) | TF detection and imaging | [76] | |
Galactose oxidase | Terminal Gal/GalNAc | Gal/GalNAc quantification and imaging | [77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87] | |
Chemical covalent labeling | PBA | Sia | Sia quantification and imaging | [88,89,90,91,92] |
Wulff-type PBA | Lipopolysaccharide | Gram-negative bacteria detection | [93,94] | |
BOB | Terminal Gal | Gal detection | [95,96] | |
NaIO4 | Sia | Sia quantification and imaging | [97,98,99] |
Method | Target | Application | Sensitivity | Linear Range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Optics | Sia | Quantification of Sia on PD-L1 of cell surface | - | - | [119] |
Terminal Gal, Sia | Quantification of Sia and Gal of sperm | - | - | [120] | |
Integrin-αxβ2/EGFR/TGF-β receptor-specific Sia | Imaging glycans on specific proteins (FRET) | - | - | [126] | |
IL-36R-specific Sia | Imaging glycans on specific proteins (FRET) | - | - | [127] | |
EGFR-specific Sia | Imaging glycans on specific proteins (FRET) | - | - | [129] | |
EpCAM-specific Sia | Imaging glycans on specific proteins (SERS) | - | - | [130] | |
Man | In situ and dynamically evaluating N-glycans in live cells (colorimetric and fluorescence) | Colorimetric method: 33 cells/mL; fluorescence method: 26 cells/mL | Colorimetric method: 100 to 1.0 × 107 cells/mL; fluorescence method: 80–5.0 × 107 cells/mL | [131] | |
Glu | Quantitative glucose detection (SERS) | 1.8 mM | 0~25 mM | [136] | |
Glu | Detection of glucose in urine (SERS) | - | - | [137] | |
Man, Sia, GlcNAc | Quantification of multiple glycans on intact cell surfaces (SERS) | - | - | [139] | |
Sia | Imaging Sia at single-cell level (SERS) | - | - | [140] | |
Man, Sia, Gal, Fuc | In situ monitoring of glycans on the surface of cells in body fluids (SERS) | - | - | [142] | |
Electrochemistry | Sia | Highly specific and sensitive detection in serum (DPV) | 10 pg/mL | 10–500 pg/mL | [146] |
Man | Monitoring of glycans on living cells in response to drugs (DPV) | 3000 cells/mL | 1 × 104~1 × 107 cells/mL | [147] | |
Sia | PSA detection (LSV) | 0.2 pg/mL | 0.5~200 pg/mL | [148] | |
Recombinant glycoproteins | Accurate and sensitive determination (DPV) | 5.3 pg/mL | 0.01–50 ng/mL | [149] | |
Cell-surface N-glycans | Evaluation of surface N-glycans (DPV) | 10 cells | 1.0 × 102~5.0 × 104 cells/mL | [150] | |
Cell-surface N-glycans | Evaluation of surface N-glycans (I-t curve) | 3 cells/mL | 1 × 102~1 × 106 cells/mL | [151] | |
AFP | Evaluating the AFP N-glycans and discriminating AFP between healthy and cancer patient’s serum (EIS) | 0.1 ng/L | 1–100 ng/L | [152] | |
Man | Monitoring of glycans on living cells (DPV) | 1.5 × 103 cell/mL | 2.0 × 103~2.0 × 106 cell/mL | [164] | |
Man | Label-free analysis of cell-surface glycans (electrochemiluminescence) | 1.2 × 103 cells/mL | 2 × 103~1 × 107 cells/mL | [165] | |
Man | Monitoring the dynamic variation of glycans in cancer cells (electrochemiluminescence) | 100 cells/mL | 1 × 102~1 × 106 cells/mL | [167] | |
N-glycans | Dynamically evaluating cell-surface N-glycans (electrochemiluminescence) | 600 cells/mL | 1 × 103~1 × 107 cells/mL | [169] | |
N-glycans | Evaluation of cancer cell-surface glycans (electrochemiluminescence) | 38 cells/mL | 1.0 × 102~1.0 × 105 cells/mL | [170] | |
Mass | MUC1-specific Sia | Quantification of MUC1-specific Sia in breast cells (LC–MS/MS) | 50 pM | 50 pM~10 nM | [101] |
Man, Sia, GlcNAc | Fast and in situ multiplexed glycan detection (LDI-MS) | 200 cells/mL (Man) | 5 × 102~2 × 105 cells/mL (Man) | [172] | |
Man, Gal | Imaging glycomic alterations in cancer cells (MALDI-TOF MS) | - | - | [176] | |
Sialoglycoconjugates | In situ detection of cell-surface sialoglycoconjugates (LDI-MS) | 5 fmol | 100 fmol~100 pmol | [178] |
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Li, Y.; Wang, L.; Ding, L.; Ju, H. Cell-Surface Glycan Labeling and Sensing. Targets 2024, 2, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/targets2010001
Li Y, Wang L, Ding L, Ju H. Cell-Surface Glycan Labeling and Sensing. Targets. 2024; 2(1):1-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/targets2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yiran, Lele Wang, Lin Ding, and Huangxian Ju. 2024. "Cell-Surface Glycan Labeling and Sensing" Targets 2, no. 1: 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/targets2010001