Black Soldier Meal in Feed Could Adversely Affect Organic Broiler Meat Quality When Used for the Total or Half Replacement of Diet Proteins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Management, and Feed
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Animal Performance
3.2. Animal Welfare
3.3. Fatty Acid Composition of BSL Meal
3.3.1. Fatty Acids in the Thigh
3.3.2. Fatty Acids in the Breast
3.4. Nutritonal Indeces
3.4.1. Thigh
3.4.2. Breast
4. Discussion
4.1. Growth Performances
4.2. Fatty Acids in BSL Meal
4.3. Fatty Acid and Meat Quality
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw Material | 1° Feed Period (%) | 2° Feed Period | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
S100 (%) | BSL50 (%) | BSL100 (%) | ||
Soybean cake | 33.80 | 27.00 | 13.99 | 0.00 |
Maize | 30.00 | 28.60 | 38.01 | 33.30 |
Wheat | 15.00 | 20.50 | 13.81 | 15.99 |
Bran | 7.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Maize gluten | 4.20 | 3.00 | 4.69 | 4.79 |
Barley | 4.00 | 14.30 | 11.96 | 15.99 |
Soybean vegetable oil | 2.38 | 2.62 | 2.12 | 1.69 |
Calcium carbonate | 1.10 | 1.22 | 0.88 | 0.00 |
Monocalcium phosphate | 0.87 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.90 |
Sodium chloride | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.29 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 0.30 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Lysine | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.39 | 0.66 |
Choline chloride | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.09 |
Betaine anhydrous | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
Oligo-vitamin supplement | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.49 |
Insect meal | 0.00 | 0.00 | 12.00 | 25.60 |
Analytical Component | 1° Feed Period | 2° Feed Period | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
S100 | BSL50 | BSL100 | ||
Crude protein (%) | 21.60 | 19.00 | 19.50 | 19.50 |
Crude fiber (%) | 3.87 | 3.30 | 4.60 | 3.70 |
Ashes (%) | 6.00 | 5.80 | 5.70 | 5.90 |
Fats (%) | 6.50 | 6.20 | 6.40 | 6.50 |
Lysine (mg/kg) | 1.25 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.00 |
Methionine (mg/kg) | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.53 | 0.47 |
Calcium (mg/kg) | 0.90 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sodium (mg/kg) | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.18 |
Phosphorus (mg/kg) | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.64 |
Metabolizable energy (Kcal/kg) (DM) | 3109.00 | 3377.73 | 3365.45 | 3370.18 |
Analytical Component | BSL Meal |
---|---|
Crude protein (g/100 g) | 53.10 |
Crude fiber (g/100 g) | 11.50 |
Moisture (g/100 g) | 6.50 |
Ashes (g/100 g) | 6.30 |
Fats (g/100 g) | 11.90 |
Lysine (g/100 g) | 2.94 |
Methionine (g/100 g) | 0.47 |
Cysteine (g/100 g) | 0.41 |
Threonine (g/100 g) | 3.24 |
Calcium (g/kg) | 7.77 |
Sodium (g/kg) | 4.39 |
S100 | BSL50 | BSL100 | RMSE | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Live weight (g) | 3887.53 a | 3672.67 b | 3656.87 b | 82.08 | 0.001 |
Carcass weight (g) | 3127.30 a | 3177.67 a | 2959.70 b | 295.77 | 0.014 |
Thigh (g) | 215.43 a | 189.73 b | 200.08 b | 23.21 | 0.001 |
Breast (g) | 795.50 a | 776.56 a | 720.14 b | 53.74 | 0.022 |
Fatty Acid Profile | BSL Meal (% of Total FAME) |
---|---|
C12:0 | 44.70 |
C14:0 | 8.77 |
C16:0 | 13.72 |
C18:0 | 2.12 |
2 ƩSFA | 69.31 |
C14:1 | 0.25 |
C16:1 n-7 | 2.46 |
C18:1 n-7 | 10.95 |
2 ƩMUFA | 13.66 |
C18:2 n-6 | 14.27 |
C18:3 n-3 | 1.24 |
2 ƩPUFA | 15.51 |
n-6 | 14.27 |
n-3 | 1.24 |
n-6/n-3 | 11.51 |
THIGH | S100 | BSL50 | BSL100 | RMSE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C12:0 | 0.30 c | 2.67 b | 4.32 a | 0.392 | <0.0001 |
C14:0 | 0.63 c | 1.51 b | 1.75 a | 0.236 | <0.0001 |
C16:0 | 19.54 c | 20.39 b | 21.08 a | 0.790 | <0.0001 |
C18:0 | 7.45 a | 7.03 b | 7.28 a | 0.452 | 0.0023 |
C22:0 | 0.25 a | 0.23 a | 0.20 b | 0.042 | 0.0007 |
2 ƩSFA | 28.17 c | 31.83 b | 34.64 a | 1.138 | <0.0001 |
C14:1 | 0.07 b | 0.16 a | 0.19 a | 0.062 | <0.0001 |
C16:1 n7 | 2.38 b | 2.91 a | 3.07 a | 0.410 | <0.0001 |
C18:1 n9 | 30.79 a | 30.53 a | 29.64 b | 0.841 | <0.0001 |
C18:1 n7 | 1.79 | 1.79 | 1.85 | 0.128 | 0.128 |
2 ƩMUFA | 35.03 | 35.39 | 34.75 | 1.014 | 0.053 |
C18:2 n6 | 27.58 a | 24.71 b | 22.26 c | 1.172 | <0.0001 |
C18:3 n6 | 0.22 b | 0.25 a | 0.23 b | 0.032 | 0.021 |
C18:3 n3 | 2.30 a | 2.12 b | 1.95 c | 0.241 | <0.0001 |
C20:2 n6 | 0.26 a | 0.22 b | 0.19 c | 0.022 | <0.0001 |
C20:3 n6 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.020 | 0.750 |
C20:4 n6 | 2.24 a | 1.72 b | 2.19 a | 0.352 | <0.0001 |
C20:5 n3 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.013 | 0.128 |
C22:5 n3 | 0.43 a | 0.32 b | 0.33 b | 0.068 | <0.0001 |
C22:6 n3 | 0.37 a | 0.27 b | 0.28 b | 0.065 | <0.0001 |
2 ƩPUFA | 33.53 a | 29.72 b | 27.55 c | 1.436 | <0.0001 |
2 Ʃn6 | 30.34 a | 26.93 b | 24.91 c | 1.282 | <0.0001 |
2 Ʃn3 | 3.18 a | 2.79 b | 2.64 c | 0.284 | <0.0001 |
2 Ʃn6/2 Ʃn3 | 9.59 | 9.70 | 9.60 | 0.904 | 0.876 |
3 Other | 3.27 | 3.05 | 3.06 | 0.467 | 0.118 |
BREAST | S100 | BSL50 | BSL100 | RMSE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
C12:0 | 0.34 c | 1.81 b | 3.09 a | 0.284 | <0.0001 |
C14:0 | 0.62 c | 1.14 b | 1.53 a | 0.145 | <0.0001 |
C16:0 | 19.33 b | 20.32 a | 19.81 ab | 1.510 | 0.0433 |
C18:0 | 7.63 a | 7.40 a | 6.47 b | 0.624 | <0.0001 |
C22:0 | 0.25 a | 0.13 c | 0.22 b | 0.036 | <0.0001 |
2 ƩSFA | 28.18 b | 30.81 a | 30.98 a | 1.781 | <0.0001 |
C14:1 | 0.08 c | 0.15 b | 0.17 a | 0.017 | <0.0001 |
C16:1 n-7 | 2.54 b | 2.55 b | 3.12 a | 0.363 | <0.0001 |
C18:1 n-9 | 29.90 b | 29.93 b | 31.27 a | 1.217 | <0.0001 |
C18:1 n-7 | 1.74 b | 1.90 a | 1.84 a | 0.166 | 0.0010 |
2 ƩMUFA | 34.26 b | 34.53 b | 36.41 a | 1.163 | <0.0001 |
C18:2 n-6 | 27.37 a | 25.71 b | 24.85 c | 1.291 | <0.0001 |
C18:3 n-6 | 0.23 b | 0.27 a | 0.23 b | 0.024 | <0.0001 |
C18:3 n-3 | 2.34 a | 2.29 a | 2.01 b | 0.222 | <0.0001 |
C20:2 n-6 | 0.41 a | 0.27 c | 0.32 b | 0.035 | <0.0001 |
C20:3 n-6 | 0.04 b | 0.06 a | 0.04 b | 0.009 | <0.0001 |
C20:4 n-6 | 3.37 a | 2.11 b | 1.57 c | 0.290 | <0.0001 |
C20:5 n-3 | 0.07 b | 0.10 a | 0.07 b | 0.015 | <0.0001 |
C22:5 n-3 | 0.41 a | 0.33 b | 0.20 c | 0.052 | <0.0001 |
C22:6 n-3 | 0.35 a | 0.27 b | 0.15 c | 0.048 | <0.0001 |
2 ƩPUFA | 34.60 a | 31.41 b | 29.44 c | 1.465 | <0.0001 |
2 Ʃn-6 | 31.42 a | 28.43 b | 27.01 c | 1.354 | <0.0001 |
2 Ʃn-3 | 3.10 a | 2.89 b | 2.36 c | 0.224 | <0.0001 |
2 Ʃn-6/2 Ʃn-3 | 10.17 b | 9.89 b | 11.54 a | 0.771 | <0.0001 |
3 Other | 2.96 | 3.24 | 3.02 | 0.607 | 0.1832 |
THIGH | S100 | BSL50 | BSL100 | RMSE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ƩPUFA/ƩSFA | 1.191 a | 0.936 b | 0.797 c | 0.071 | <0.0001 |
IA | 0.326 c | 0.447 b | 0.521 a | 0.030 | <0.0001 |
IT | 0.457 c | 0.500 b | 0.541 a | 0.026 | <0.0001 |
hH | 3.147 a | 2.457 b | 2.111 c | 0.155 | <0.0001 |
HPI | 3.073 a | 2.243 b | 1.928 c | 0.165 | <0.0001 |
UI | 112.144 a | 102.975 b | 98.795 c | 3.091 | <0.0001 |
FLQ | 0.341 a | 0.280 b | 0.285 b | 0.057 | <0.0001 |
LA/ALA | 12.063 | 11.739 | 11.678 | 1.352 | 0.4989 |
BREAST | S100 | BSL50 | BSL100 | RMSE | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PUFA/SFA | 1.233 a | 1.026 b | 0.955 c | 0.111 | <0.0001 |
IA | 0.322 c | 0.406 b | 0.442 a | 0.033 | <0.0001 |
IT | 0.461 b | 0.499 a | 0.484 a | 0.042 | 0.0039 |
hH | 3.194 a | 2.655 b | 2.500 c | 0.285 | <0.0001 |
HPI | 3.117 a | 2.479 b | 2.278 c | 0.237 | <0.0001 |
UI | 115.666 a | 106.560 b | 102.124 c | 3.584 | <0.0001 |
FLQ | 0.322 a | 0.287 b | 0.176 c | 0.048 | <0.0001 |
LA/ALA | 11.788 b | 11.324 b | 12.484 a | 1.080 | 0.0003 |
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Share and Cite
La Mantia, M.C.; Calì, M.; Petrocchi Jasinski, L.; Contò, M.; Meo Zilio, D.; Renzi, G.; Guarino Amato, M. Black Soldier Meal in Feed Could Adversely Affect Organic Broiler Meat Quality When Used for the Total or Half Replacement of Diet Proteins. Poultry 2024, 3, 66-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry3020007
La Mantia MC, Calì M, Petrocchi Jasinski L, Contò M, Meo Zilio D, Renzi G, Guarino Amato M. Black Soldier Meal in Feed Could Adversely Affect Organic Broiler Meat Quality When Used for the Total or Half Replacement of Diet Proteins. Poultry. 2024; 3(2):66-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry3020007
Chicago/Turabian StyleLa Mantia, Maria Chiara, Massimo Calì, Luigi Petrocchi Jasinski, Michela Contò, David Meo Zilio, Gianluca Renzi, and Monica Guarino Amato. 2024. "Black Soldier Meal in Feed Could Adversely Affect Organic Broiler Meat Quality When Used for the Total or Half Replacement of Diet Proteins" Poultry 3, no. 2: 66-84. https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry3020007