Few Differences in Energy Intake and Diet Quality of Children and Adolescents across BMI Categories, with and without Accounting for Underreporters: NHANES 2005–2014
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Demographic Data
2.2. Anthropometric Data
2.3. Dietary Data and Healthy Eating Index 2010
2.4. Identifying Underreporters
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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2 to 19 Years | 2 to 5 Years | 6 to 11 Years | 12 to 19 Years | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (Unweighted n) | |||||
100.0% (16,437) | 21.9% (4132) | 32.9% (5456) | 45.1% (6849) | ||
Gender | Male | 50.9% (8365) | 51.0% (2107) | 51.0% (2740) | 50.9% (3518) |
Female | 49.1% (8072) | 49.0% (2025) | 49.0% (2716) | 49.1% (3331) | |
Race/Ethnicity | Mexican American and other Hispanic | 20.9% (5855) | 23.6% (1519) | 21.6% (1950) | 19.2% (2386) |
Non-Hispanic White | 56.8% (4633) | 53.5% (1205) | 56.0% (1539) | 58.9% (1889) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 14.5% (4349) | 14.4% (978) | 14.3% (1443) | 14.7% (1928) | |
Other race—including multi-racial | 7.8% (1600) | 8.5% (430) | 8.1% (524) | 7.3% (646) | |
BMI category | Underweight | 3.5% (562) | 3.1% (164) | 3.7% (172) | 3.5% (226) |
Healthy weight | 64.7% (10,309) | 73.8% (2963) | 62.5% (3320) | 61.9% (4026) | |
Overweight | 15.1% (2539) | 13.2% (536) | 16.1% (864) | 15.3% (1139) | |
Obesity | 10.9% (1964) | 8.0% (386) | 12.4% (732) | 11.2% (846) | |
Severe obesity | 5.9% (1063) | 1.8% (83) | 5.3% (368) | 8.2% (612) | |
Mean (SE) | |||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 1955 (11.4) | 1538 (11.6) | 1936 (13.3) | 2171 (19.3) | |
HEI 2010 | HEI Total Vegetables | 2.1 (0.02) | 2.0 (0.04) | 2.0 (0.04) | 2.3 (0.04) |
HEI Greens and Beans | 0.67 (0.03) | 0.66 (0.04) | 0.66 (0.03) | 0.68 (0.04) | |
HEI Total Fruit | 2.5 (0.04) | 3.5 (0.05) | 2.6 (0.05) | 1.9 (0.06) | |
HEI Whole Fruit | 2.3 (0.04) | 3.0 (0.06) | 2.5 (0.05) | 1.8 (0.05) | |
HEI Whole Grain | 2.2 (0.06) | 2.7 (0.08) | 2.2 (0.07) | 2.0 (0.07) | |
HEI Total Dairy | 6.9 (0.05) | 8.0 (0.07) | 7.2 (0.07) | 6.3 (0.08) | |
HEI Total Protein | 3.6 (0.03) | 3.4 (0.04) | 3.5 (0.04) | 3.7 (0.04) | |
HEI Seafood and Plant Protein | 1.4 (0.03) | 1.5 (0.05) | 1.5 (0.05) | 1.4 (0.05) | |
HEI Fatty Acids | 3.9 (0.06) | 3.3 (0.11) | 3.7 (0.08) | 4.2 (0.09) | |
HEI Sodium | 5.0 (0.06) | 5.8 (0.08) | 5.1 (0.09) | 4.5 (0.08) | |
HEI Refined Grains | 5.2 (0.05) | 6.2 (0.08) | 4.8 (0.07) | 5.0 (0.07) | |
HEI Empty Calories | 11.4 (0.10) | 12.9 (0.13) | 11.0 (0.14) | 10.9 (0.14) | |
HEI Total Score | 47.1 (0.23) | 52.8 (0.39) | 46.9 (0.34) | 44.7 (0.31) |
a. All Children | Underweight | Healthy Weight | Overweight | Obese | Severe Obesity | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SE) | |||||||
2 to 5 years | n = 164 | n = 2963 | n = 536 | n = 386 | n = 83 | ||
% REE reported | 232.0 (7.2) | 222.1 (2.0) | 212.7 (4.6) | 207.4 (5.4) | 173.6 (7.5) * | <0.001 | |
Energy (kcal) | 1534 (44.0) | 1528 (13.0) | 1544 (34.0) | 1616 (46.0) | 1567 (74.0) | 0.51 | |
HEI Total Score | 50.6 (1.6) | 53.0 (0.40) | 53.2 (0.90) | 52.0 (0.90) | 49.0 (1.7) | 0.11 | |
6 to 11 years | n = 172 | n = 3320 | n = 864 | n = 732 | n = 368 | ||
% REE reported | 200.0 (5.2) | 192.4 (1.6) | 173.7 (3.4) * | 172.0 (3.6) * | 142.5 (3.9) * | <0.001 | |
Energy (kcal) | 1842 (56.0) | 1913 (16.0) | 1957 (40.0) | 2047 (40.0) | 1567 (74.0) | 0.03 | |
HEI Total Score | 46.3 (1.8) | 47.0 (0.40) | 46.7 (0.90) | 46.6 (0.60) | 46.8 (1.0) | 0.98 | |
12 to 19 years | n = 226 | n = 4026 | n = 1139 | n = 846 | n = 612 | ||
% REE reported | 170.7 (5.2) * | 153.9 (1.8) | 125.8 (1.8) * | 115.6 (2.5) * | 99.3 (2.7) * | <0.001 | |
Energy (kcal) | 2270 (78.0) | 2260 (29.0) | 2019 (35.0) * | 2013 (51.0) * | 1955 (61.0) * | <0.001 | |
HEI Total Score | 43.1 (1.0) | 44.7 (0.40) | 44.3 (0.60) | 45.9 (0.90) | 44.3 (0.80) | 0.24 | |
b. Underreporters Excluded | Underweight | Healthy Weight | Overweight | Obese | Severe Obesity | p-Value | |
Mean (SE) | |||||||
2 to 5 years | n = 160 | n = 2889 | n = 519 | n = 374 | n = 76 | ||
% REE reported | 234.9 (7.0) | 224.7 (2.0) | 215.8 (4.5) | 210.6 (5.1) | 180.3 (8.0) * | <0.001 | |
Energy (kcal) | 1554 (44.0) | 1545 (13.0) | 1566 (33.0) | 1641 (46.0) | 1626 (79.0) | 0.41 | |
HEI Total Score | 50.5 (1.6) | 53.0 (0.40) | 52.9 (0.90) | 52.2 (1.0) | 48.8 (1.8) | 0.12 | |
6 to 11 years | n = 164 | n = 3121 | n = 778 | n = 638 | n = 291 | ||
% REE reported | 202.6 (5.5) | 198.0 (1.5) | 181.4 (2.9) * | 182.6 (3.3) * | 156.4 (3.6) * | <0.001 | |
Energy (kcal) | 1863 (59.0) | 1965 (16.0) | 2038 (38.0) | 2163 (36.0) * | 2119 (49.0) * | <0.001 | |
HEI Total Score | 46.4 (1.8) | 47.0 (0.40) | 47.0 (0.90) | 46.2 (0.70) | 45.7 (1.1) | 0.75 | |
12 to 19 years | n = 192 | n = 3233 | n = 752 | n = 479 | n = 271 | ||
% REE reported | 185.1 (5.1) | 174.2 (1.6) | 154.0 (2.0) * | 150.1 (2.7) * | 137.6 (2.8) * | <0.001 | |
Energy (kcal) | 2459 (77.0) | 2566 (27.0) | 2467 (37.0) | 2617 (54.0) | 2703 (73.0) | 0.02 | |
HEI Total Score | 43.4 (1.1) | 44.7 (0.40) | 43.8 (0.70) | 44.6 (0.90) | 43.5 (0.90) | 0.48 |
Underweight | Healthy Weight | Overweight | Obese | Severe Obesity | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (Unweighted n) | |||||
2 to 5 years | 1.8% (4) | 1.9% (74) | 2.4% (17) | 2.6% (12) | 7.3% (7) |
6 to 11 years | 2.1% (8) | 4.9% (199) | 7.5% (86) | 10.5% (94) | 17.7% (77) |
12 to 19 years | 14.1% (34) | 21.0% (793) | 36.0% (387) | 45.3% (367) | 56.8% (341) |
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Watowicz, R.P.; Hand, R.K. Few Differences in Energy Intake and Diet Quality of Children and Adolescents across BMI Categories, with and without Accounting for Underreporters: NHANES 2005–2014. Dietetics 2022, 1, 15-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/dietetics1010003
Watowicz RP, Hand RK. Few Differences in Energy Intake and Diet Quality of Children and Adolescents across BMI Categories, with and without Accounting for Underreporters: NHANES 2005–2014. Dietetics. 2022; 1(1):15-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/dietetics1010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleWatowicz, Rosanna P., and Rosa K. Hand. 2022. "Few Differences in Energy Intake and Diet Quality of Children and Adolescents across BMI Categories, with and without Accounting for Underreporters: NHANES 2005–2014" Dietetics 1, no. 1: 15-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/dietetics1010003