Abstract
People are using plants with health-boosting properties, such as oregano species, in their daily diet. Nowadays, these plants, characterized as potential functional foods, are being extensively scientifically analyzed. Bearing that in mind, as well as the fact that neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s are affecting millions of people worldwide, this study was defined to assess the antineurodegenerative, antineuroinflammatory, and neuroprotective potential of Origanum majorana (marjoram) and O. vulgare (oregano) from Serbia. The plant material was obtained from the Institute for Medicinal Plant Research “Dr. Josif Pančić”, Serbia, and the ethanolic extracts were prepared using classic maceration protocol. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase (TYR) inhibition protocols were used to examine antineurodegenerative activity. Microglial (BV2) cells stimulated with LPS were used to evaluate antineuroinflammatory activity in MTT, NBT, and Griess assays, while neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cells were used to determine the neuroprotective activity of the extracts in MTT and Griess assays. The results suggest that oregano extracts are slightly better at inhibiting AChE and TYR (68% vs. 61% at 0.1 mg/mL) than marjoram extracts (53% vs. 59% at 0.1 mg/mL), making them more active than the positive controls (galantamine 41% vs. kojic acid 25% at 0.1 mg/mL). Furthermore, these extracts normalized LPS-stimulated BV2 cells’ viability, while also reducing their production of inflammatory mediators, i.e., reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, to the level of untreated cells. Additionally, supernatants of LPS-stimulated BV2 cells that were previously treated with these extracts normalized the viability of neurons compared to the control neurons (treated with supernatants of LPS-stimulated BV2 that were not previously treated with the extracts). Both extracts exhibited noticeable antineurodegenerative, antineuroinflammatory, and neuroprotective activities which represent powerful sources of phytochemicals with promising neuroprotective activity, which could be further examined for potential dietary supplement manufacturing.
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/Foods2021-11085/s1, Poster: The Marvellous Oregano Spices.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, S.D.-L. and B.B.N.; methodology, M.O.P., A.A.A. and B.B.N.; validation, S.D.-L. and B.B.N.; formal analysis, M.O.P., T.L. and M.M.; investigation, M.O.P., T.L. and M.M.; resources, B.B.N.; data curation, M.O.P., T.L. and M.M.; writing—original draft preparation, M.O.P.; writing—review and editing, T.L., M.M., A.A.A., S.D.-L. and B.B.N.; visualization, M.O.P.; supervision, S.D.-L. and B.B.N.; project administration, B.B.N.; funding acquisition, B.B.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia, contract number 451-03-68/2020-14/200178.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).