Next Article in Journal
Are Cyanobacteria an Overlooked Risk for Ecosystems and Visitors in Spanish National Parks?
Previous Article in Journal
The Role of Cyanobacteria in the Aquatic Resistome
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Abstract

The Problem of Cyanotoxins in Reservoirs of São Paulo State, Brazil †

by
Viviane Moschini-Carlos
1,*,‡,
Xavier Sòria-Perpinyà
2,
Eduardo Vicente
3,
Maria Dolores Sendra
3,
Micheline Kesia Cordeiro de Araujo
4,
Maria do Carmo Bitencourt
4,
Vinicius de Leles Almagro
1 and
Marcelo Pompêo
5
1
Institute of Science and Technology, University of São Paulo (UNESP), Campus of Sorocaba, Sorocaba 18087-180, Brazil
2
Image Processing Laboratory (IPL), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
3
Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (ICBiBE), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
4
Laboratório de Cianobactérias, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
5
Institute of Biociências, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Presented at the 7th Iberian Congress on Cyanotoxins/3rd Iberoamerican Congress on Cyanotoxins, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 18–20 June 2022.
Presenting author (poster).
Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 14(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2022014034
Published: 21 July 2022

Abstract

:
Eutrophication process and phytoplankton primary productivity have intensified in continental aquatic ecosystems because of climate change. As a consequence, the proliferation of potentially toxic cyanobacteria is increasing in frequency, magnitude, and duration. For water sources used in public supply, this growth represents an ecological risk to ecosystems and human health. From October 2021 to February 2022, integrated samples of surface water were obtained from 11 reservoirs in São Paulo State, Brazil (Jaguari, Jacarei, Atibainha, Paiva Castro, Rio Grande, Guarapiranga, Barra Bonita, Bariri, Broa, Salto Grande, and Itupararanga). Limnological variables were obtained using the Troll 500 probe, in addition to depth, turbidity (Tur), chlorophyll a (Chla), and phycocyanin (Phy) concentrations (Turner C3 probe). In the laboratory, chlorophyll-a concentrations (ChlaABS) were analyzed. Phytoplankton biovolume (Utermöhl method) was estimated. The concentrations of microcystins (MCs) and saxitoxins (STXs) were analyzed with Beacon kits, in ELISA microplate reader. For the studied reservoirs, the Secchi disc water transparency ranged from 0.6 to 2.3 m. The average values of water temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen were, respectively, 24.8 °C, 162.9 µS/cm, and 8.4 and 9.5 mg/L. For Tur, Chla, Phy, and ChlaABS, ranged from 1.86 to 24.6 NTU, 3.3 to 105.1 µg/L, 12.4 to 445.2 µg/L, and 4.2 to 84.9 µg/L, respectively. Cyanobacteria was the more representative phytoplankton class in biovolume, from 0.07 to 51.7 mm3/L. STXs and MCs were found in most sampled stations. For STXs it ranged from 0.016 µg/L to 0.308 µg/L, and for MCs in some stations it was higher than 200 µg/L. According to the World Health Organization and Brazilian legislation, in the 11 studied reservoirs, the concentrations of saxitoxins are within the maximum allowed limits (3 µg/L), while for microcystins the concentrations are for most reservoirs above the maximum allowed value (1 µg/L). Considering the analyzed information in relation to water quality and the cyanobacterial community, we verify that most of these environments present a worrying water quality, which can represent a risk for public health.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, V.M.-C., E.V. and M.P.; methodology, V.M.-C., X.S.-P., M.K.C.d.A., M.d.C.B., V.d.L.A. and M.P.; date analysis: V.M.-C., M.P., X.S.-P. and M.D.S.; resources: V.M.-C., E.V. and M.P.; project administration, V.M.-C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

Fapesp (2021/11283-0, 2020/11759-1, 2019/10845-4, 2016/17266-1); CNPq (30005/2021, 301559/2018-0).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Moschini-Carlos, V.; Sòria-Perpinyà, X.; Vicente, E.; Sendra, M.D.; de Araujo, M.K.C.; do Carmo Bitencourt, M.; de Leles Almagro, V.; Pompêo, M. The Problem of Cyanotoxins in Reservoirs of São Paulo State, Brazil. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 2022, 14, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2022014034

AMA Style

Moschini-Carlos V, Sòria-Perpinyà X, Vicente E, Sendra MD, de Araujo MKC, do Carmo Bitencourt M, de Leles Almagro V, Pompêo M. The Problem of Cyanotoxins in Reservoirs of São Paulo State, Brazil. Biology and Life Sciences Forum. 2022; 14(1):34. https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2022014034

Chicago/Turabian Style

Moschini-Carlos, Viviane, Xavier Sòria-Perpinyà, Eduardo Vicente, Maria Dolores Sendra, Micheline Kesia Cordeiro de Araujo, Maria do Carmo Bitencourt, Vinicius de Leles Almagro, and Marcelo Pompêo. 2022. "The Problem of Cyanotoxins in Reservoirs of São Paulo State, Brazil" Biology and Life Sciences Forum 14, no. 1: 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/blsf2022014034

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop