Hovering Is Not Helping: Relationships among Helicopter Parenting, Attachment, Academic Outcomes, and Mental Health in College Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Parenting
2.3.2. Attachment
2.3.3. Mental health
2.3.4. Academic motivation, anxiety, regulation, and performance
2.3.5. Covariates for age and socioeconomic status
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Bivariate Analyses
3.2. Primary Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Mother HP | -- | |||||||||||||
2. Father HP | 0.448 *** | -- | ||||||||||||
3. Mother IA | 0.447 *** | 0.315 *** | -- | |||||||||||
4. Father IA | 0.180 * | 0.226 * | 0.367 *** | -- | ||||||||||
5. Peer IA | 0.255 ** | 0.288 ** | 0.328 *** | 0.231 ** | -- | |||||||||
6. Effort Reg. | −0.278 ** | −0.332 *** | −0.092 | −0.137 | 0.162 † | -- | ||||||||
7. Test Anxiety | 0.238 ** | 0.265 ** | 0.266 ** | 0.207 * | 0.207 * | −0.156 † | -- | |||||||
8. Self-Efficacy | −0.231 ** | −0.128 | −0.125 | −0.166 † | −0.096 | 0.427 *** | −0.383 *** | -- | ||||||
9. Int. Motivation | −0.075 | −0.126 | 0.017 | 0.031 | −0.074 | 0.391 *** | −0.103 | 0.497 *** | -- | |||||
10. Ext. Motivation | −0.085 | −0.131 | −0.142 | −0.076 | −0.086 | 0.173 * | 0.297 *** | 0.287 *** | 0.184 * | -- | ||||
11. Internalizing | 0.343 *** | 0.379 *** | 0.420 *** | 0.192 * | 0.256 ** | −0.249 ** | 0.584 *** | −0.299 *** | −0.156 † | 0.101 | -- | |||
12. Age | −0.044 | −0.080 | −0.075 | −0.095 | 0.001 | 0.053 | −0.022 | −0.019 | 0.108 | −0.069 | −0.068 | -- | ||
13. SES | 0.173 * | 0.159 † | −0.001 | −0.064 | −0.098 | −0.050 | 0.121 | −0.121 | −0.087 | 0.046 | 0.092 | 0.103 | -- | |
14. GPA | −0.111 | −0.138 | 0.058 | −0.109 | −0.048 | 0.437 *** | −0.099 | 0.371 *** | 0.236 ** | 0.139 | −0.023 | −0.100 | −0.053 | -- |
Mean | 33.98 | 28.07 | 5.19 | 6.32 | 5.49 | 19.03 | 23.77 | 38.64 | 18.27 | 22.51 | 27.92 | 19.54 | 3.21 | 3.19 |
SD | 13.93 | 14.12 | 2.52 | 3.08 | 2.52 | 4.75 | 7.85 | 8.12 | 4.09 | 4.19 | 17.94 | 1.52 | 1.00 | 0.57 |
MIN | 10.00 | 10.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 7.00 | 5.00 | 10.00 | 7.00 | 5.00 | 0.00 | 18.00 | 1.00 | 1.60 |
MAX | 70.00 | 70.00 | 13.00 | 14.00 | 14.00 | 28.00 | 35.00 | 56.00 | 28.00 | 28.00 | 72.00 | 24.00 | 5.00 | 4.00 |
Paternal Attachment | Maternal Attachment | Peer Attachment | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | ΔF | ΔR2 | β | SE B | ΔF | ΔR2 | β | SE B | ΔF | ΔR2 | β | SE B |
Step 1 | 1.901 | 0.031 | 0.166 | 0.003 | 0.0400 | 0.007 | ||||||
Age | −0.131 | 0.119 | −0.029 | 0.097 | −0.012 | 0.097 | ||||||
SES | −0.110 | 0.296 | −0.041 | 0.236 | −0.081 | 0.248 | ||||||
Step 2 | 6.065 | 0.047 | 33.611 | 0.217 | 7.537 | 0.116 | ||||||
Paternal HP | 0.221 * | 0.020 | 0.241 * | 0.017 | ||||||||
Maternal HP | 0.475 *** | 0.015 | 0.163 | 0.018 |
Self-Efficacy | Intrinsic Motivation | Extrinsic Motivation | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | ΔF | ΔR2 | β | SE B | ΔF | ΔR2 | β | SE B | ΔF | ΔR2 | β | SE B |
Step 1 | 0.625 | 0.011 | 0.402 | 0.007 | 0.025 | 0.000 | ||||||
Age | 0.083 | 0.311 | 0.068 | 0.158 | 0.018 | 0.153 | ||||||
SES | −0.065 | 0.794 | −0.050 | 0.408 | 0.009 | 0.391 | ||||||
Step 2 | 1.597 | 0.027 | 0.683 | 0.012 | 1.750 | 0.030 | ||||||
Paternal HP | −0.050 | 0.058 | −0.119 | 0.030 | −0.194 | 0.028 | ||||||
Maternal HP | −0.139 | 0.060 | 0.025 | 0.030 | 081 | 0.029 |
Test Anxiety | Effort Regulation | Internalizing | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | ΔF | ΔR2 | β | SE B | ΔF | ΔR2 | β | SE B | ΔF | ΔR2 | β | SE B |
Step 1 | 1.234 | 0.021 | 0.812 | 0.014 | 1.335 | 0.022 | ||||||
Age | −0.106 | 0.303 | 0.115 | 0.182 | −0.148 | 0.697 | ||||||
SES | 0.102 | 0.774 | 0.023 | 0.464 | 0.027 | 1.779 | ||||||
Step 2 | 4.346 | 0.069 | 8.338 | 0.127 | 15.075 | 0.204 | ||||||
Paternal HP | 0.181 | 0.055 | −0.264 ** | 0.032 | 0.280 ** | 0.117 | ||||||
Maternal HP | 0.132 | 0.057 | −0.157 | 0.033 | 0.258 ** | 0.120 |
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Miller, R.W.; Rainbolt, C.L.; Tallents, S. Hovering Is Not Helping: Relationships among Helicopter Parenting, Attachment, Academic Outcomes, and Mental Health in College Students. Youth 2024, 4, 260-271. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4010018
Miller RW, Rainbolt CL, Tallents S. Hovering Is Not Helping: Relationships among Helicopter Parenting, Attachment, Academic Outcomes, and Mental Health in College Students. Youth. 2024; 4(1):260-271. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4010018
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiller, Robert W., Cindy L. Rainbolt, and Sarah Tallents. 2024. "Hovering Is Not Helping: Relationships among Helicopter Parenting, Attachment, Academic Outcomes, and Mental Health in College Students" Youth 4, no. 1: 260-271. https://doi.org/10.3390/youth4010018