The Psychosocial Health of Black/African Americans Compared with People of Other Races/Ethnic Origins during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Study Aim
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures
2.1.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.1.2. Psychosocial Health Variables
2.2. Data Analysis
2.3. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Differences at the Three Time Points
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time | Characteristics | Black/African American n (%) | Others n (%) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Age Group | 0.09 | ||
18–29 | 14 (18.9) | 227 (17.3) | ||
30–39 | 18 (24.3) | 227 (17.3) | ||
40–49 | 18 (24.3) | 223 (17.0) | ||
50–59 | 8 (10.8) | 235 (17.9) | ||
60+ | 16 (21.6) | 401 (30.5) | ||
Gender | ||||
Male | 11 (14.9) | 313 (24.3) | 0.06 | |
Female | 63 (85.1) | 973 (75.7 | ||
Education Level | ||||
High school or lower | 18 (24.3) | 279 (21.2) | 0.52 | |
Higher education | 56 (75.7) | 1040 (78.8 | ||
Marital Status | ||||
Spouse or partner | 36 (63.2) | 831 (77.7) | 0.01 | |
No spouse or partner | 21 (36.8) | 238 (22.3) | ||
Employment | ||||
Employed | 47 (64.4) | 832 (63.1) | 0.82 | |
Not employed | 26 (35.6) | 487 (36.9) | ||
2 | Age Group | |||
18–29 | 14 (21.9) | 392 (21.9 | 0.27 | |
30–39 | 14 (21.9) | 463 (25.9) | ||
40–49 | 13 (20.3) | 279 (15.6) | ||
50–59 | 11 (17.2) | 187 (10.5) | ||
60+ | 12 (18.8) | 466 (26.1) | ||
Gender | ||||
Male | 16 (21.9) | 479 (24.6) | 0.60 | |
Female | 57 (78.1) | 1469 (75.4) | ||
Educational Level | ||||
High school or lower | 28 (37.3) | 514 (25.5) | 0.02 | |
Higher education | 47 (62.7) | 1501 (74.5) | ||
Marital Status | ||||
Spouse or partner | 32 (42.7) | 1230 (59.9) | 0.003 | |
No spouse or partner | 43 (57.3) | 825 (40.1) | ||
Employment | ||||
Employed | 49 (66.2) | 1330 (67.1) | 0.87 | |
Not employed | 25 (33.8) | 652 (32.9) | ||
3 | Age Group | |||
18–29 | 14 (31.1) | 167 (19.2) | 0.002 | |
30–39 | 11 (24.4) | 285 (32.8) | ||
40–49 | 8 (17.8) | 296 (34.0) | ||
50–59 | 4 (8.9) | 72 (8.3) | ||
60+ | 8 (17.8) | 50 (5.7) | ||
Gender | ||||
Male | 15 (34.9) | 179 (22.0) | <0.05 | |
Female | 28 (65.1) | 636 (78.0) | ||
Education Level | ||||
High school or lower | 13 (28.9) | 182 (20.9) | 0.20 | |
Higher education | 32 (71.1) | 688 (79.1 | ||
Marital Status | ||||
Spouse or partner | 20 (44.4) | 593 (68.2) | <0.001 | |
No spouse or partner | 25 (55.6) | 277 (31.8) | ||
Employment | ||||
Employed | 30 (66.7) | 661 (76.0 | 0.16 | |
Not employed | 15 (33.3) | 209 (24.0) |
Time | Independent Variables | Beta (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Age | −1.08 (−1.33–−0.84) | <0.001 |
Gender | 1.28 (0.46–2.10) | 0.002 | |
Marital status | −0.29 (−1.13–0.56) | 0.51 | |
Racial identity | −3.64 (−5.21–−2.07) | 0.001 | |
R2 = 0.095 (adjusted R2 = 0.092) | F = 28.03 | <0.001 | |
2 | Education level | 0.65 (0.01–1.29) | <0.05 |
Marital status | −0.80 (−1.38–−0.23) | 0.006 | |
Racial identity | −1.91 (−3.42–−0.40) | 0.01 | |
R2 = 0.009 (adjusted R2 = 0.007) | F = 5.61 | <0.001 | |
3 | Age | −0.82 (−1.19–−0.46) | <0.001 |
Gender | 1.48 (0.55–2.42) | 0.002 | |
Marital status | −1.36 (−2.21–−0.51) | 0.002 | |
Racial identity | −1.86 (−3.66–−0.05) | <0.05 | |
R2 = 0.053 (adjusted R2 = 0.048) | F = 11.85 | <0.001 |
Time | Independent Variables | Beta (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Age | −0.33 (−0.42–−0.24) | 0.05 |
Gender | −0.01 (−0.31–0.28) | 0.93 | |
Marital status | −0.57 (−0.88–−0.26) | <0.001 | |
Racial identity | −0.83 (−1.39−−0.27) | 0.004 | |
R2 = 0.076 (adjusted R2 = 0.073) | F = 22.29 | <0.001 | |
2 | Education level | −0.08 (−0.32–0.16) | 0.52 |
Marital status | −0.61 (−0.82–−0.40) | 0.001 | |
Racial identity | −0.81 (−1.37–−0.25) | 0.005 | |
R2 = 0.020 (adjusted R2 = 0.019) | F = 12.38 | <0.001 | |
3 | Age | 0.17 (0.04–0.30) | 0.009 |
Gender | −0.28 (−0.61–0.05) | 0.09 | |
Marital status | 0.76 (0.46−1.06) | <0.001 | |
Racial identity | 1.00 (0.37−1.63) | 0.002 | |
R2 = 0.052 (adjusted R2 = 0.047) | F = 11.65 | <0.001 |
Time | Independent Variables | Beta (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Age | −0.06 (−0.07–−0.04) | 0.001 |
Gender | 0.04 (−0.01–0.09) | 0.08 | |
Marital status | 0.04 (−0.01–0.09) | 0.09 | |
Racial identity | −0.06 (−0.15–0.03) | 0.20 | |
R2 = 0.061 (adjusted R2 = 0.057) | F = 17.57 | <0.001 | |
2 | Education level | −0.00 (−0.08–0.08) | >0.99 |
Marital status | −0.26 (−0.34–−0.18) | <0.001 | |
Racial identity | −0.23 (−0.44–−0.01) | 0.04 | |
R2 = 0.023 (adjusted R2 = 0.021) | F = 14.17 | <0.001 | |
3 | Age | −0.13 (−0.17–−0.08) | <0.001 |
Gender | 0.17 (0.05–0.30) | 0.007 | |
Marital status | −0.40 (−0.51–−0.29) | <0.001 | |
Racial identity | −0.40 (−0.64–−0.15) | 0.001 | |
R2 = 0.103 (adjusted R2 = 0.099) | F = 24.49 | <0.001 |
Time | Independent Variables | Beta (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Age | −0.63 (−0.82–−0.44) | <0.001 |
Gender | −0.31 (−0.94–0.32) | 0.33 | |
Marital status | −1.55 (−2.21–−0.90) | <0.001 | |
Racial identity | −1.24 (−2.47–0.00) | 0.05 | |
R2 = 0.077 (adjusted R2 = 0.073) | F = 22.13 | <0.001 | |
2 | Education level | −0.40 (−0.91–0.12) | 0.13 |
Marital status | −1.31 (−1.78–−0.85) | <0.001 | |
Racial identity | −1.31 (−2.55–−0.08) | 0.04 | |
R2 = 0.020 (adjusted R2 = 0.018) | F = 12.22 | <0.001 | |
3 | Age | −0.19 (−0.50–0.12) | 0.24 |
Gender | 0.39 (−0.41–1.18) | 0.34 | |
Marital status | −1.72 (−2.44–−1.00) | <0.001 | |
Racial identity | −0.66 (−2.19–0.87) | 0.40 | |
R2 = 0.030 (adjusted R2 = 0.025) | F = 6.60 | <0.001 |
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Price, D.; Bonsaksen, T.; Leung, J.; Ruffolo, M.; Lamph, G.; Hawkins, K.; Østertun Geirdal, A. The Psychosocial Health of Black/African Americans Compared with People of Other Races/Ethnic Origins during the COVID-19 Pandemic. COVID 2024, 4, 506-517. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4040034
Price D, Bonsaksen T, Leung J, Ruffolo M, Lamph G, Hawkins K, Østertun Geirdal A. The Psychosocial Health of Black/African Americans Compared with People of Other Races/Ethnic Origins during the COVID-19 Pandemic. COVID. 2024; 4(4):506-517. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4040034
Chicago/Turabian StylePrice, Daicia, Tore Bonsaksen, Janni Leung, Mary Ruffolo, Gary Lamph, Karis Hawkins, and Amy Østertun Geirdal. 2024. "The Psychosocial Health of Black/African Americans Compared with People of Other Races/Ethnic Origins during the COVID-19 Pandemic" COVID 4, no. 4: 506-517. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4040034
APA StylePrice, D., Bonsaksen, T., Leung, J., Ruffolo, M., Lamph, G., Hawkins, K., & Østertun Geirdal, A. (2024). The Psychosocial Health of Black/African Americans Compared with People of Other Races/Ethnic Origins during the COVID-19 Pandemic. COVID, 4(4), 506-517. https://doi.org/10.3390/covid4040034