Integrating Organic Fertilizers in Coconut Farming: Best Practices and Application Techniques

Abstract

Organic fertilizers are a revolutionary concept in coconut farming as they provide a package for sustainable coconut production. This review examines the multiple advantages of organic fertilization methods and types of organic fertilizers, which include compost, vermicompost, livestock manure, green manure, crop residues, and biofertilizers. The review focuses on the best practices, application methods, time of application, frequency and rate of application of nutrients for coconut palm at various developmental stages. The study provides a detailed and systematic review of the environmental, economic and social impacts of organic fertilization. Benefits include enhanced soil health, biodiversity promotion, carbon sequestration, cost effectiveness, quality improvement of the yield, food security and possibilities of creating rural income. Issues including resource accessibility difficulties, nutrient deficiencies, and intensive labor requirements are explored in detail, as well as future trends that focus on advanced technologies, new research areas, and policy approaches. Thus, the study reviews organic fertilization as a coherent concept that can be applied to coconut production and other goals of environmental protection, food security, and sustainable development of agriculture.

1. Introduction

Organic fertilizers are a more comprehensive concept of nutrient supply for plants than the mere provision of nutrients [1]. These natural amendments, unlike synthetic chemical fertilizers, not only supply nutrients but also modify the structure of the soil, stimulate microbial populations, increase water-holding capacity, and support biotic diversity. To coconut growers, knowledge of good organic fertilization practices can go a long way in increasing the yield, vigor, and sustainability of coconut plantations [2]. Organic fertilizers are important in coconut farming because of the special nutritional demands of the crop and the intricate production environments of coconut palms [3]. Coconut palms are established as perennial crops that require a well-planned and adequate nutrient supply throughout their growth period, which may extend to several years. Conventional chemical fertilization practices cause a decline in soil health, less microbial population, and deterioration of the environment [4]. However, there are natural sources of fertilizers that can be used to supply these nutrients in a more environmentally friendly way. There are a number of organic fertilizers that are especially ideal for coconut production. These are compost, vermicompost, green manure, livestock manure, bio-fertilizer, and crop residues [5]. All of these sources present different nutritional values for the plants and the soil they are applied to.

A deeper understanding of several key factors is essential for the effective use of organic fertilizers in coconut agriculture. These factors include nutrient content, decomposition rate, soil type, climatic conditions, and the growth stage of the coconut palm, all of which influence the optimal fertilization regime. To achieve maximum benefits from organic amendments, farmers must adopt an integrated approach that considers these variables [6]. Soil health evaluation is fundamental to organic fertilization. Any fertilization program should begin with a thorough soil analysis to assess current nutrient levels, pH, organic matter content, and microbial populations [7]. Such evaluations help develop tailored fertilization strategies specific to each site, taking into account the unique characteristics of the coconut plantation. The most effective method in the use of organic coconut farming is the use of multiple sources of organic fertilizers [8]. This approach is also known as integrated nutrient management, in which different organic materials are added to the soil in a package to balance nutrient needs.

The timing and method of applying organic fertilizer are as important as the type of fertilizer to be used. Coconut palms have different nutrient needs at different stages of their growth, from the young plant development to the mature stage of production [9,10]. Weather conditions, such as seasonal changes, rainy periods and local climate, also affect the efficiency of fertilization measures. Since these are environmental factors, farmers have to develop strategies that counter them. The use of organic fertilization in coconut farming is one of the progressive methods that are being adopted in the current world trends of sustainable agriculture that enhance productivity, environmental conservation, and sustainable agriculture production [2]. Adopting comprehensive, systems-based organic nutrient management strategies enables coconut farmers to develop more environmentally sustainable, high-yielding, and economically viable agricultural production systems [11]. This review seeks to offer an in-depth exploration of organic fertilizer utilization in coconut cultivation, encompassing an examination of fertilizer types, their key benefits, optimal application methodologies, technological constraints, and future potential for promoting sustainable coconut farming practices.

2. Types of Organic Fertilizers in Coconut Farming

2.1. Compost

Compost is a complex organic fertilizer solution for coconut production that turns a wide range of organic inputs into soil amendments of high nutrient value through the management of biological processes [12]. Composting is the controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms in a systematic way under conditions of temperature, moisture and aeration [13]. The compost that can be made for coconut plantations include, crop residues, livestock manure, kitchen waste, and perennial weeds [14]. Compost of high quality has several advantages in addition to the supply of nutrients, such as increased porosity, water-holding capacity, microbial population, and slow-release nutrients [15]. Composting is usually a stepwise process that involves the addition of different organic materials in correct carbon and nitrogen proportions and an occasional turning of the pile [16]. Farmers can make compost from locally available materials to fertilize coconuts, hence, it is a cheap and sustainable practice (Figure 1). There are other more developed methods of composting, such as vermicomposting, which involves using earthworms to speed up the rate of decomposition and come up with better quality organic fertilizers [17]. Compost management is critical in maintaining a constant nutrient supply, soil health and sustainable agriculture.

2.2. Vermicompost

Vermicompost is a complex, biologically alive organic manure that is made through a controlled biological process using earthworms [18]. These remarkable organisms feed on organic waste materials and convert them into nutritional fine-textured compost of high agricultural value (Figure 2). In coconut farming, vermicompost is a better soil conditioner that has several nutritional and ecological values. It also encompasses certain earthworm species as well as Eisenia fetida, which have the ability to decompose organic matter, such as agriculture residuals, livestock manure and plant waste, with greater efficiency [19]. In the process of decomposition, earthworms have the ability to reduce the size of organic inputs, introduce microbes and improve the chemical nature of the nutrient through their grinding enzymes. The end product of vermicompost has been noted to contain higher nutrient content than that of compost, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients [20]. For coconut plantations, therefore, vermicompost has a number of remarkable benefits. It has a fine texture, which allows for quick nutrient uptake, and a high microbial population, which encourages root growth and strengthens the plant against diseases [21]. In this technique of slow-release nutrients, nutrients do not leach and steadily cover the requirements of the plants for many days.

2.3. Livestock Manure

Livestock manure is a rich source of organic manure obtained from different livestock sources, and each has its own nutrient value and organic matter for coconut production [11,22].

Table 1. Macro- and micronutrient content in major livestock manures. Adapted from [10].

Macronutrient %	Organic Source	Nitrogen (N)	Phosphorus (P)	Potassium (K)	Magnesium (Mg)	Calcium (Ca)
	Goat manure	2.2–3.4	0.3–0.7	1.5–2.5	0.4–0.8	1.5–2.4
	Cattle manure	1.2–1.9	0.2–0.5	0.5–1.1	0.5–0.6	1.3–1.8
	Boiler litter	2.0–2.3	0.6–1.0	1.7–2.0	0.5–0.6	1.0–4.9
	Layer litter	1.8–2.4	0.6–1.2	0.6–2.0	0.4–0.7	2.7–5.3
	Pig dung	1.0–2.0	0.6–0.9	0.4–0.9	0.4–0.6	1.0–1.5
Micronutrient ppm (mg/kg)	Organic Source	Iron (Fe)	Manganese (Mn)	Copper (Cu)	Zinc (Zn)	Boron (B)
	Goat manure	1449–2174	246–505	20–38	112–184	29–66
	Cattle manure	690–1518	167–389	24–40	128–183	13–30
	Boiler litter	723–1565	213–421	27–40	166–271	15–27
	Layer litter	1144–2215	287–450	22–38	182–329	2–12
	Pig dung	1020–1990	180–207	45–48	186–575	34–13

presents the macro- and micronutrient contents in major livestock manures. They include organic sources, such as goat manure, cattle manure, boiler litter, layer litter, and pig dung, and list the percentages or values of various nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, and boron, present in these organic sources. Before applying livestock manure to coconut plantations, there are some important factors that farmers need to take into consideration [2,22]. The manure should be well decomposed to avoid nitrogen lockout and to avoid spreading potential pathogens. Appropriate composting processes prevent the emission of bad smells and also fix the nutrients and make it easier to have a standard compost [23]. The application rates are usually recommended to be between 10 and 25 kg per coconut palm per year depending on the soil type, age of the palm and initial soil fertility (Figure 3) [10]. Apart from nutrient supply, the incorporation of livestock manure has many other agronomic benefits. It increases the microbial population in the soil, stimulates the growth of nutrient-friendly microorganisms, helps in improving the aeration and water-retention capacity of the soil and releases the nutrients slowly and continuously in order to feed the plant [24]. Also, livestock manure enhances carbon storage, increases soil organic matter content, and decreases the use of chemical fertilizers [25].

2.4. Green Manure

Green manure fertilizer, as a practice in coconut production, is one of the most sustainable practices that improve the fertility of the soil. Among the tree or creep legumes, gliricidia, sunn hemp, pureria, and mucuna are very effective because they are nitrogen fixing [26,27,28,29]. Wild sunflower is used as a source of potassium and as green manure, enhancing the nutrient uptake and growth of coconut palms [30]. According to the data, gliricidia leaves contain 3.5% nitrogen, 0.2% phosphorus, and 1.7% potassium, while wild sunflower contains 2.39% nitrogen, 0.42% phosphorus, and 4.18% potassium [30]. These plants can be planted and grown as cover crops or as intercrops with coconut palms before being tilled back into the soil before they come into maturity. It enhances soil organic content as well as the structure of the soils and has the capability of providing nitrogen through biological nitrogen fixation [31]. Some of the plants include wild sunflower and gliricidia, among others, since they have fast growth rates and high biomass production rates [32,33,34,35]. Another method is that aquatic vegetation, such as water hyacinth or water lettuce, can be used as needed as green manure in addition to providing additional organic matter and nutrients [36]. When burying or applying these plants into the top soil, they break down and release nutrients slowly, which help nourish the coconut palms for the long term, versus other fertilization that usually imparts a short-term gain at the expense of the plant’s health (Figure 4). Farmers can choose and change the green manure crops in a way that would benefit the soil fertility and the ecosystems [1].

2.5. Crop Residue

Coconut plantations can benefit from crop residues in the form of an easily accessible and effective organic fertilizer. Such materials include plant residues from prior harvests, such as the fronds, empty bunches, husk residues, and other plant residues [37]. The residues from coconut crops can also be recycled effectively, and coconut husk residue and fronds are good organic matter (Figure 5). Crop residues, if well utilized as a resource, provide one of the most important sources of soil organic matter, determine the soil structure, increase water-holding capacity, and release nutrients slowly [38]. The decomposition process is a function of microbial activities that work to break down residual plant matter into useful organic products. Farmers can use different methods, such as mulching, composting or direct application into the soil to optimize the nutrient value of crop residues [39]. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of various residues determines the rate of decomposition and the rate of nutrient liberation. Through such dynamics, coconut farmers can enhance crop residue management and minimize the use of external fertilizers, which should enhance sustainable coconut farming practices that will support soil health and fertility in the long run [11].

2.6. Biofertilizers

Biofertilizers are one of the most promising, environmentally friendly technologies for the use of nutrients in coconut production [2]. These living microorganism preparations improve the fertility of the soil through mutualism with the roots of plants, which in turn improves the uptake of nutrients and general growth of the plant [40]. Each type of biofertilizer is composed of different strains that have the unique capability to transform nutrients, including nitrogen fixing, phosphorus solubilizing, and production of plant growth hormones. The microorganisms used in the preparation of biofertilizers are Rhizobium spp., Azospirillum spp., Azotobacter spp. and Trichoderma spp. (Figure 6) [41]. These beneficial microbes inhabit the rhizosphere, enhancing nutrient uptake and utilization and plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Regarding coconut plantations, biofertilizers can be applied in seed treatment techniques, soil treatment techniques, or root treatment techniques [22]. It has been ascertained that they have immense benefits over chemical fertilizers, such as being environmentally friendly, cheaper to produce and improving soil microbial population. Biofertilizers are rich in various microbial populations that enhance the overall nutrient cycling and structure of the soil and make the agricultural system sustainable [42].

3. Application Techniques and Best Practices

3.1. Correct Application Time and Frequency

The best time for the application of organic fertilizers was found to significantly affect the growth and productivity of coconut palm as well as the correct application frequency [19]. It is, therefore, important to understand the ecological interactions of tropical regions in order to determine the appropriate application strategies of the proposed seasonal application strategies for coconuts taking into consideration rainfall and temperature as well as the growth cycle of coconut palms [43]. Fertilization of coconut in the growth stage needs a special consideration because the nutrient needs of the palm changes greatly from the seedling stage to the fruit-bearing tree [22]. The suggested application frequency varies from different times per lifespan, with great consideration given to climatic conditions as well as the type of soil. Timing is critical in most applications; as a result, farmers must decide when best to apply fertilizers as well as control factors that enhance effective nutrient uptake and reduce situations where nutrients might be washed away by rain or other natural occurrences [44]. Sophisticated methods, such as soil moisture control and climatic characteristics, are useful in enhancing even more detailed and appropriate nourishing management to minimize the pollution impacts of fertilizers [45].

3.2. Dosage and Nutrient Management

Formulating elaborate dosage and nutrient management plans requires a systems approach and a dynamic perspective on the nutrition of coconut palms [46]. Fertilization needs vary with the age of the coconut palms; hence, there is a need to have dynamic nutrient delivery systems that meet the dynamic nutrient needs of the coconut palms at every stage in their development (

Table 2. Recommended organic fertilizer application rates in different coconut age categories. Adapted from [10].

Source	Time After Transplanting
	6 Months	1 Years	2 Years	3 Years	4 Years up to Bearing (Every Year)
Goat manure	3 kg	7 kg	9 kg	11 kg	13 kg
(Moisture 20–30%)
+
Eppawala Rock Phosphate (in wet and intermediate zones)	200 g	450 g	600 g	750 g	100 g
or
Triple Super Phosphate	85 g	200 g	270 g	340 g	420 g
(in dry zone)
+
Muriate of Potash	50 g	120 g	150 g	190 g	225 g
+
Dolamite	250 g	250 g	250 g	250 g	250 g
Cattle manure	5 kg	12 kg	16 kg	20 kg	25 kg
(Moisture 20–30%)
+
Eppawala Rock Phosphate (in wet and intermediate zones)	200 g	450 g	600 g	750 g	1000 g
or
Triple Super Phosphate	85 g	200 g	270 g	340 g	420 g
(in dry zone)
+
Muriate of Potash	30 g	200 g	250 g	325 g	400 g
+
Dolamite	250 g	250 g	250 g	250 g	250 g
Poultry manure (20–30%)	5 kg	12 kg	16 kg	20 kg	25 kg
+
Dolamite	250 g	250 g	250 g	250 g	250 g
Gliricidia leaves	5 kg	12 kg	16 kg	20 kg	25 kg
(Moisture 20–30%)
+
Eppawala Rock Phosphate (in wet and intermediate zones)	275 g	650 g	825 g	1100 g	1350 g
or
Triple Super Phosphate	120 g	285 g	370 g	470 g	580 g
(in dry zone)
+
Muriate of Potash	60 g	150 g	200 g	250 g	250 g
+
Dolamite	250 g	250 g	250 g	250 g	250 g

The ‘+’ symbol indicates the addition or combination of the mentioned components.

). Soil condition adaptation measures include soil analysis, nutrient mapping, and soil-specific fertilization that takes into consideration micronutrient and macronutrient deficiencies [47]. The nutrient concentration calculation methods should be able to include complex analysis, such as soil testing, plant tissue analysis and nutrient uptake and utilization models [48]. Sustainable and comprehensive application systems focus on nutrient management where the biological activity, soil microorganisms and the health of the soil in the long run are not left out when determining the chemical composition [49]. This approach needs constant supervision, evaluation, and frequent changes in fertilization methods to sustain the coconut palms’ nutritional needs and productivity.

3.3. Efficient Application Methods

The use of accurate methods in applying organic fertilizer to coconut plants is a refined method of improving nutrient utilization in coconut production [2]. Trench and surface application methods include the establishment of nutrient delivery areas around the palm root system so as to allow direct nutrient access (Figure 7). Broadcasting methods are more extensive in nutrient coverage and are best suited for young palms or during the early stages of soil modification [50]. The use of an advanced fertigation system is identified as a state-of-the-art technology that focuses on the integration of irrigation and fertilization to develop efficient fertilization technologies [51]. These methods need proper standardization depending on the soil type, age of palms, nutrient status of the soil and the prevailing climatic conditions. Advanced application methods apply modern technology tools, such as GPS-equipped application equipment, sensors, and nutrient management software, to enhance the efficiency of fertilizer usage and to reduce losses [52].

3.4. Monitoring and Aftercare Operations

Monitoring and aftercare activities are important in the use of organic fertilizer in coconut farming. When using organic fertilizer, it is important for moisture conservation and nutrient retention, which is why mulching is an important process [53]. After applying organic fertilizers, the mulch layer must be checked frequently and kept at a 10–15 cm thickness surrounding the coconut palms. It should also be evenly distributed and replaced because it breaks down over time. watering is important especially when there is dry season or drought. The availability of moisture in the soil should be checked to ensure the moisture content is being supplied at fixed intervals, preferably by drip or other irrigation methods [54]. Weed control is important in order to avoid competition for nutrients. Farmers can use manual weeding or use of organic mulch to prevent weed growth in the garden [55]. Coconut palms should be weeded around the base, but the weeds should not be removed in a manner that affects the root system. Pest and disease management is something that needs keen observation. Follow methods include biological control measures, implementing beneficial insects, treating pests with neem and rotating crops [56]. Those parts of the plant that are affected by pests or diseases should be removed and organic fungicides applied for pest and disease control to ensure good field hygiene.

4. Benefits of Organic Fertilizers in Coconut Farming

4.1. Environmental Benefits

4.1.1. Soil Health Improvement

Organic fertilizers play a crucial role in improving soil health in coconut plantations and serve as an effective solution for sustainable agriculture [57,58]. The application of these fertilizers modifies the soil structure, facilitating the incorporation of natural organic matter, which enhances porosity and aeration both essential for the optimal growth of coconut palms. Additionally, the improvement in soil structure boosts porosity and water retention capacity, thereby enhancing water uptake during drought periods [59,60]. This improvement is especially important for tropical climates where coconut production takes place because it reduces the susceptibility to moisture changes. However, it not only supports and enhances the beneficial microbial growth in the soil but also makes a population of a living soil ecosystem [61]. These microorganisms decompose the organic matter, make the required nutrients soluble and form mutually beneficial interactions with the coconut palm roots. Sustained use of organic fertilizers gradually accumulates organic matter over time and gradually alters the soil structure and productivity of the agricultural land [62].

4.1.2. Biodiversity Promotion

Organic fertilizers act as a stimulus for the development of the biological structure of the coconut plantations’ ecosystems, which are complex and diverse [63]. Because these fertilizers do not contain synthetic chemicals known to suppress the soil microbiome, they promote complex soil communities that include bacteria, fungi, and other beneficial microorganisms that result from the natural inclusion of natural organic matter [64]. These diverse microorganisms are also involved in biogeochemical cycling, soil aggregation, and plant health. Converting the soil environment to a microhabitat may improve the population of useful insects, pollinators, and natural enemies of pests [65]. These microorganisms and insects help to maintain a better and healthier ecosystem in the agricultural field, and have less requirement for external pest control. The diversity also goes beyond the soil, which could again help form a more connected ecosystem that is able to fight environmental factors [66]. Organic fertilizers also make the coconut growing environment more dynamic and self-controlling as they support the lives of many other forms of life in the soil.

4.1.3. Carbon Sequestration

Organic fertilizers play a crucial role in carbon sequestration in coconut cultivation, making them a valuable tool in combating climate change. These fertilizers contain organic matter that aids in capturing carbon within the soil, reducing its release into the atmosphere [67]. By incorporating organic fertilizers, coconut plantations can transform agricultural landscapes into carbon sinks, thereby mitigating greenhouse gas emissions [68]. The accumulation of soil carbon enhances soil health by increasing organic matter content, which not only improves soil structure but also boosts its capacity to store carbon, creating a beneficial cycle [69]. Furthermore, this approach supports both coconut palm nutrition and serves as a natural solution to global climate change challenges [70]. The application of organic nutrients not only promotes sustainable agriculture and food production but also strengthens carbon capture efforts, enabling farmers to contribute to both environmental conservation and long-term agricultural sustainability.

4.2. Economic Benefits

4.2.1. Cost Effectiveness

The use of organic fertilizers is economically viable for coconut farmers and provides a more economically sustainable way to feed the plants. These fertilizers are made on the farm through composting, crop residues and other organic waste, hence greatly reducing the cost of purchasing costly chemical fertilizers [71]. The use of locally available materials to produce fertilizers makes waste management a value-added agricultural practice, which brings down input costs significantly [72]. Farmers can use locally available organic materials, such as plant residue, livestock manure and green waste, to formulate quality nutrient blends at a relatively low cost. This approach also helps to minimize the reliance on the external markets for agricultural inputs, which is normally volatile and unpredictable. When farmers reduce the number of inputs they have to purchase, they are able to control their own economic destinies more effectively [73]. A study conducted in the Coimbatore district of India demonstrated that organic coconut farming is a highly promising agricultural venture. The total production cost was Rs. 82,216 per hectare, while the net income over operational costs reached Rs. 295,888 per hectare. Furthermore, the net income over total costs amounted to Rs. 256,697 per hectare. Linear regression analysis revealed that coconut yield showed significant positive responses to organic inputs, specifically farmyard manure, bio-fertilizers, and coconut oil cake [74]. The positive impacts of organic fertilizers on long-term soil health also add to economic sustainability since the farmer may not have to spend much money to rehabilitate the soil, control pests and diseases, and recover the crop [75]. This comprehensive economic approach helps farmers to produce more sustainably and be less dependent on external support agricultural systems.

4.2.2. Increase the Yield and Yield Quality

Organic fertilizers provide hope for increasing coconut production and better-quality yield that are of immense economic importance to the farmers. Due to the slow-released nutrients that are available in natural fertilizers, plant growth is steady and vigorous, which may enhance the overall coconut yield [76]. Comprehensive nutrition leads to healthier palm growth and, thus, produces bigger and better coconuts that can be sold in the market at higher prices [77]. The status of organic cultivation itself becomes a desirable characteristic in marketing the produce, given the growing consumer concern for sustainably produced agricultural products [78]. Fresh coconuts grown organically are usually sold at a premium because of perceived health and environmental benefits, providing an added economic advantage for farmers. The enhanced soil health from organic fertilization also enhances long-term production potential and thereby decreases the variability of yields and the corresponding variability of farm income [79]. As shown in

Table 3. Effect of different organic fertilizer ratios on coconut yield. Adapted from [80].

Treatments	Mean Nut Yield of Coconut (No. of Nuts/Palm/Year)
	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	Mean
25% Organic + 75% RDF	100	103	107	112	113	107
50% Organic + 50% RDF	114	112	124	123	122	119
100% Organic	109	112	113	114	117	113
Control	99	96	103	101	101	100

, the 100% organic treatment resulted in a higher coconut yield compared to both the control and the 25% organic + 75% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) treatments. Increasing the proportion of organic fertilizer in combination with RDF consistently enhanced coconut yield, with the highest yield observed at 50% organic + 50% RDF, followed by the 100% organic treatment [80].

4.2.3. Income Diversification

Organic fertilizer production can be viewed as a promising sector for the diversification of the coconut farming economy [81]. It is possible for farmers to turn waste management into an opportunity for income generation through producing high-quality organic fertilizers for the local and regional markets [82]. Through the production of surplus organic fertilizer products, farmers can develop other market outlets apart from the usual coconut sales. This approach promotes the generation of small-scale circular economy systems in which agricultural and organic waste is turned into valuable farming inputs. Farmers can also have an opportunity to create market opportunities other than agricultural products through the branding of organic fertilizer lines [83]. There is increasing market demand for organic and sustainable agricultural inputs, which is the right environment for such endeavors. Furthermore, this diversification strategy helps in economic diversification since agricultural businesses are developed to be more economically robust with many sources of income [84]. Those involved in organic fertilizer production can also benefit from consulting and training services, which are other economic possibilities for innovative farmers.

4.3. Social Benefits

4.3.1. Health and Safety Benefits

Organic fertilizers provide deep health and safety benefits to farmers, farm workers and consumers, providing a new social context for coconut farming [85]. These natural alternatives eliminate the use of synthetic chemical fertilizer, which, when used in agriculture, exposes human beings to many harmful agricultural chemicals that pose severe health consequences. Farmers and agricultural workers do not have direct contact with toxic substances that cause acute or chronic diseases, dermatitis, respiratory diseases, and other diseases in the long term [86]. Organic fertilizers enhance the activity of beneficial microorganisms, which play a critical role in mitigating heavy metal stress by aiding in the phytoremediation process and improving the bioavailability of essential nutrients for plants (

Table 4. Beneficial microbes involved in phytoremediation. Adapted from [87].

Heavy Metal	Micro-Organism	Average Sorption Efficiency (%)
Chromium (Cr)	Bacillus circulans	96
	Bacillus subtilis	99.6
	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	95
Lead (Pb)	Cellulosimicrobium sp.	99.3–84.6
	Bacillus firmus	98.3
	Staphylococcus	82.6
Mercery (Hg)	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	90
	Bacillus licheniformis	70
	Candidapara psilosis	80
Copper (Cu)	Micrococcussp	55
	Desulfovibrio desulfuricans	90.3–90.1
	Bacillu sfirmus	74.9

).

Consumers enjoy the coconuts that are grown from organic fertilizers, which reduce the chances of chemical contaminants. The lowered chemical content means that the food products are less toxicologically hazardous [88]. This approach is a human health-centered approach that is implemented along the agricultural value chain from the growers to the consumers. Holistic health protection includes not only safety from aggressors but also health protection and, therefore, potentially contributes to overcoming the modern tendencies in agriculture [89]. These are based on hardly sustainable human health priorities and potentially can enhance and rescue the healthcare sphere by avoiding increasing costs and providing better and more human-oriented priorities to agriculture.

4.3.2. Food Security

Organic fertilizers are a vital input in sustaining food production stability and improving food security in coconut-growing areas [11]. Therefore, the natural fertilization ways of restoring and equally enhancing the quality of the soil result in more reliable and long-lasting production methods for agriculture. The slow release of nutrients and enhancements of the structure of the soil known with the organic fertilizer are conducive to stable growth conditions that will enhance organisms to endure the challenges of the natural conditions, such as climate volatilities, water, and changing agriculture terrains [90]. Appropriate farming practices involving the use of organic fertilizers also contribute to the conservation of agriculture’s productive land resources for future generation food production. These approaches are less dependent on external inputs and also on chemical intervention as they encourage increased organic production. Organic fertilization, thus, helps to enhance the health of ecosystems, thereby creating a better and more sustainable environment for agriculture that will deliver food production as needed [1]. The long-term view inherent in organic farming practices is a clear response to the most acute problems of food security of agricultural populations.

4.3.3. Rural Development

Organic fertilizers are a revolution in the development of rural areas, providing full-spectrum solutions for the economic and social development of agricultural regions [91]. These natural fertilization methods, therefore, help to advance more sustainable forms of the rural economy that go beyond conventional farming. Organic farming opens up niches for value-added agricultural produce that could attract high-end markets and contribute to the development of the regional economy [92]. These practices support knowledge-intensive agricultural systems, skills, technology and entrepreneurship among the rural people. Such focus can draw external investment, technical workshops, and educational programs that are interested in responsible agriculture models [93]. Organic fertilizer production can, thus, act as a trigger for wider rural economic diversification and the generation of employment, local industries and the evolution of more robust community economic structures [94]. Organic fertilization embraces the principles of respecting local resources, indigenous knowledge, and sustainable practices, which makes it a part of a more holistic approach to rural development as compared to the conventional, purely economic approach.

5. Challenges of Organic Fertilizers in Coconut Farming

5.1. Difficulties of Accessibility and Resources Availability

Organic fertilizer is a major challenge for coconut farmers, especially in remote and less developed areas, to source the commodity. The scarcity of organic inputs, as well as the restricted access to processing facilities, poses a major challenge to the adoption of sustainable fertilization [95]. Rural farmers face problems of inadequate supply of organic waste, poor or no means of transport, and lack of expertise in the production of organic fertilizers. Small and isolated farming areas can limit the availability of a wide variety of organic matter and, thus, limit the development of effective fertilization plans [96]. These challenges can be effectively tackled by the government and agricultural development organizations by setting up community composting centers, extending requisite infrastructural facilities and developing micro-organic waste collection systems. Cooperative farming techniques, municipal waste recycling, and extension services can go a long way in filling the resource gap so that farmers can come up with sustainable and locally driven solutions to organic fertilization [97].

5.2. Nutrient Deficiencies and Imbalances

Nutrient management is one of the most complicated issues in coconut farming in terms of the change in organic fertilization. Organic fertilizers are generally characterized by a slow nutrient liberation rate, and this may lead to temporary nutrient depletion during the initial stages of conversion from synthetic fertilizers [98]. Coconut palms are highly sensitive to macronutrient and micronutrient ratios, and as such, nutrient management is very important [99]. Some of the common deficiencies are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and micronutrients, such as magnesium and zinc, which affect coconut production and tree health. Like any other crop, farmers need to apply complex nutrient management plans that include detailed soil analysis, application of organic matter, and use of fertilizers [49]. Some of the suggested possibilities include the formulation of site-specific organic fertilizers, the application of multiple sources of organic nutrients, and the application of other techniques, such as intercropping and green manuring.

5.3. Intensive Labor and Knowledge Requirements

The production and use of organic fertilizers require significantly more time and effort from workers and more expertise than chemical fertilization [100]. Farmers should be able to master all forms of composting methods, such as organic waste management, nutrient recycling and complex soil fertility management. Organic fertilizer preparation is a labor-intensive process requiring the collection of waste, composting, processing, and application methods [101]. Most farmers, especially those in developing countries’ traditional agricultural sectors, do not possess the technical know-how to properly apply organic fertilization. This is where education interventions come in handy, requiring much farmer training, educational extension services, and practical skills development [102]. Government agencies, agricultural research institutions, and NGOs can, thus, have significant roles in the development of complete training packages, showing examples of practical organic fertilization, and offering technical backup [103]. Extension models, such as those based on community learning, farmer-to-farmer knowledge transfer, and online learning, might be useful in the more effective transfer of critical knowledge in organic farming.

6. Future Perspectives Are Organic Fertilizers in Coconut Farming

6.1. Advanced Technological Innovations

Advanced technologies are already changing the ways of using organic fertilizers in coconut production. Precision agriculture will be used to feed nutrients to the crops using GPS drones and satellite imagery [104]. Genetically modified microbiological inoculants will be created to increase nutrient uptake and improve plant tolerance. Soil nutrient sensors will be nanosensors that will help farmers to monitor nutrient content in the soil in real time and make adjustments to fertilization accordingly [105]. The recommended fertilization schedule will be predicted by machine-learning algorithms, depending on the analysis of the coconut soil microbiome, climate, and coconut variety. Advances in biotechnology will enable the creation of targeted microbial communities that enhance nutrient access and plant growth [106]. By incorporating IoT devices in smart fertilization, the rate at which nutrients are absorbed, the health of the soil, and the performance of crops will be immediately determined [107]. These technological developments will go a long way in increasing the efficiency of organic fertilization, decreasing the effects of the environment and increasing the productivity and sustainability of coconut plantations.

6.2. Research and Development Focus

Subsequent research on the use of organic fertilizers in coconut production will focus on extensive genomic analysis to determine the coconut varieties that benefit most from organic nutrient application [108]. Molecular biology tools will assist in identifying specific microbes that can form a microbial consortium that will benefit given coconut varieties and the ecological conditions of a particular region [109]. Organic fertilizer formulation will be a key area of emphasis in climate change adaptation research because of the fluctuations in weather conditions that may affect the effectiveness of the fertilizer [110]. Multi-disciplinary approaches will be used in the identification of new and sustainable approaches to recycling organic waste for nutrient production. Coconut root system genetics will be mapped, enhancing the knowledge of nutrient uptake processes and, hence, better fertilization. Coconut plant physiologists will study the relationships between the soil microbial communities, organic fertilizers, and coconut plants to design nutrient management strategies [108].

6.3. Policy and Institutional Support

Government policies will be crucial in reinforcing sustainable agricultural practices by providing a comprehensive support framework. Farmers are expected to adopt organic fertilization methods due to incentives, such as subsidies and tax holidays [111]. Funding for research institutions will be increased to establish location-specific organic fertilization protocols. To ensure the implementation of best practices in organic coconut production, more robust certification programs will be developed [112]. Agricultural extension services will provide targeted training for farmers to enhance their skills in organic fertilization [113]. Local partnerships will foster the exchange of knowledge and technology on sustainable agriculture practices across nations. Furthermore, policy harmonization between climate change mitigation strategies and organic farming support will be prioritized [114]. Measures will be introduced to regulate the quality of organic fertilizers, preventing greenwashing. Institutional support will focus on developing effective impact assessment mechanisms to monitor the environmental and economic effects of organic farming interventions.

7. Conclusions

The use of organic fertilizers in coconut production is a major turning point toward sustainable production that has ecological, economic, and social impacts. This approach not only feeds coconut palms while meeting their requirements but also improves the soil condition, encourages other plant and tree growth, and helps store carbon, making coconut production systems more adaptive to climate change. More desirable and effective for this case are organic fertilizers since they release the nutrients slowly into the soil, allowing for improved and healthier crop yields without polluting the environment. Farmers are benefited financially through being relieved from expensive and synthetic inputs and creating awareness to use locally available resources. This practice also creates opportunities for the higher-value markets that appreciate coconuts produced through sustainable means and give farmers better income prospects and more sources of income. Economically and environmentally, the use of organic fertilizers makes food more secure for human consumption by promoting soil health that will support productivity in the future and contributes significantly to the improvement of the livelihoods of farmers in rural settings. It also protects the health of the farmer, the worker, and the consumer from toxic chemicals, reinforcing organic farming in a healthier society. From the above-discussed challenges, it is clear that various barriers exist, including labor intensity and a general difficulty in resource accessibility. However, through enhancements in technology, research, and mainly enforced supportive policies, it is possible to conquer the aforementioned barriers. The use of organic fertilization in coconut farming is one way of making the activity more productive, sustainable and friendly to the environment in order to sustain coconut farming in the future.