Anxiety and Social Support Are Associated with Loneliness among Adults with Disabilities and Older Adults with No Self-Reported Disabilities 10 Months Post COVID-19 Restrictions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participant Recruitment
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Measures
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Depression, Anxiety, Social Support, Life-Space Mobility, and Loneliness
3.2. Factors Associated with Loneliness
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (%) or Mean ± SD | |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 38 (54%) |
Age | |
30–40 | 9 (13%) |
40–50 | 6 (8%) |
50–60 | 14 (20%) |
60–70 | 19 (27%) |
70–80 | 20 (29%) |
80–90 | 2 (3%) |
Living alone | |
No * | 43 (61%) |
Population Categories | |
Spinal cord injury | 22 (31%) |
Stroke | 27 (39%) |
Other disabilities | 13 (19%) |
Older adults without self-identified disabilities | 8 (11%) |
Loneliness Total | |
Low (3–5) | 47 (67%) |
High (6–9) | 23 (33%) |
Depression | |
No (0–7) | 58 (83%) |
Yes (8–21) | 12 (17%) |
Anxiety | |
No (0–7) | 51 (73%) |
Yes (8–10) | 19 (27%) |
Perceived Social Support | |
Low perceived social support (12–35) | 4 (6%) |
Medium perceived social support (36–60) | 15 (21%) |
High perceived social support (61–84) | 51 (73%) |
Measures | |
HADS–anxiety subscale | 4.73 ± 3.79 |
HADS–depression subscale | 4.37 ± 3.59 |
UCLA Three-Item Loneliness Scale | 4.94 ± 1.93 |
MSPSS | 66.01 ± 15.52 |
LSA | 51.16 ± 26.32 |
Steps | Demographic Factors | Demographic + Psychosocial Factors | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | Sβ (p-Value) | LB | UB | β (SE) | Sβ (p-Value) | LB | UB | |
(Constant) | 6.296 (1.217) | 3.864 | 8.728 | 6.941 (1.502) | 3.933 | 9.948 | ||
Age | 0.002 (0.018) | 0.013 (0.921) | −0.033 | 0.037 | −0.006 (0.015) | −0.045 (0.679) | −0.035 | 0.023 |
Sex | −0.275 (0.388) | −0.087 (0.481) | −1.050 | 0.500 | 0.010 (0.328) | 0.003 (0.976) | −0.646 | 0.666 |
Disability | −0.725 (0.524) | −0.183 (0.171) | −1.771 | 0.321 | 0.040 (0.523) | 0.010 (0.940) | −1.007 | 1.086 |
Anxiety | 0.180 (0.069) | 0.340 (0.011) | 0.042 | 0.318 | ||||
Depression | 0.122 (0.076) | 0.210 (0.116) | −0.031 | 0.275 | ||||
Social Support | −0.044 (0.015) | −0.315 (0.006) | −0.075 | -0.013 | ||||
Life-Space Mobility | 0.000 (0.009) | −0.005 (0.968) | −0.019 | 0.018 | ||||
Cum. Adj. R2 | −0.01 | 0.37 |
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Benam, N.; Miller, W.C.; Tao, G.; Mortenson, W.B.; Schmidt, J. Anxiety and Social Support Are Associated with Loneliness among Adults with Disabilities and Older Adults with No Self-Reported Disabilities 10 Months Post COVID-19 Restrictions. Disabilities 2023, 3, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities3010001
Benam N, Miller WC, Tao G, Mortenson WB, Schmidt J. Anxiety and Social Support Are Associated with Loneliness among Adults with Disabilities and Older Adults with No Self-Reported Disabilities 10 Months Post COVID-19 Restrictions. Disabilities. 2023; 3(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities3010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenam, Niloufar, William C. Miller, Gordon Tao, W. Ben Mortenson, and Julia Schmidt. 2023. "Anxiety and Social Support Are Associated with Loneliness among Adults with Disabilities and Older Adults with No Self-Reported Disabilities 10 Months Post COVID-19 Restrictions" Disabilities 3, no. 1: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities3010001