Next Article in Journal
Functional Nanocarbon Hybrids in Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis
Previous Article in Journal
Feature Papers in Photochemistry
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Photochem
Volume 4
Issue 4
10.3390/photochem4040033
photochem-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Communication

Time-Resolved Chemiluminescence of Luminol Formed by 355 nm Laser-Irradiated BiVO4 Photocatalysis: Effects of the Addition of Alcohols and Ag Ions

by
Tatsuya Yamazaki
and
Yoshinori Murakami
*
National Institute of Technology, Nagaoka College, 888 Katakai-machi, Nagaoka 940-8532, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Photochem 2024, 4(4), 518-526; https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040033
Submission received: 5 November 2024 / Revised: 6 December 2024 / Accepted: 17 December 2024 / Published: 19 December 2024
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A time-resolved chemiluminescence study of luminol formed by 355 nm laser-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalysts is reported. It was found that the addition of alcohol to 355 nm laser-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalysts enhanced the luminol chemiluminescent, but the addition of Ag ions to 355 nm laser-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalysts reduced the luminol chemiluminescent. The plausible mechanism for the present experimental results is discussed based on the generation and lifetime of active oxygen species formed by 355 nm laser-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalysts.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The utility of chemiluminescent reactions as an analytical tool is widely established [1,2]. Among chemiluminescent substances, luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione) is a widely used chemiluminescent reagent, which emits striking blue chemiluminescence from excited singlet-state 3-aminophtalate ions at a wavelength of about 425 nm in the presence of appropriate oxidizing reagents [3]. Since luminol also emits chemiluminescence through reactions of luminol with active oxygen species such as superoxide radicals, H2O2 and singlet oxygen [4], luminol was also used for monitoring the amount or special distribution of active oxygen species formed by the photocatalytic reactions [5,6], as well as the plasma irradiations [7,8].
On the other hand, there are few studies on active oxygen species produced by photocatalytic reactions using the time-resolved chemiluminescence of luminol. Wu et al. [9] investigated the generation of active oxygen species via TiO2 photocatalytic reactions using flow injection analysis with luminol chemiluminescence. They also used the time-resolved chemiluminescence method with the photoexcitation of the third harmonic wavelength light (355 nm) of Q-switched Nd: YAG laser (pulse width: 4–6 ns). They found that time-resolved chemiluminescence decreased with time, and the initial intensity of the luminol chemiluminescence increased with the increase in TiO2 concentration. They also investigated the influence of the addition of radical scavengers. It was observed that the addition of mannitol, which is a scavenger of the OH radical, slightly increased the amount of chemiluminescence, but that the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased the chemiluminescence. They further investigated the effects of dissolved gas on the time-resolved chemiluminescence of TiO2 suspensions, and found that the chemiluminescence of luminol was the highest when the dissolved gas was oxygen, but no chemiluminescence was observed after 15 μs of 355 nm laser irradiation when the dissolved gas was He [10]. They concluded that at least 30% of the chemiluminescence might be caused by H2O2 over all time periods, while the possible involvement of OH and •O2− radicals in the time-resolved chemiluminescence during 0–0.7 ms was small. Later, Min et al. [11,12,13] further investigated the mechanism for luminol chemiluminescence after the illumination of the 355 nm laser pulse to a luminol-TiO2 suspension, and concluded the important roles of the adsorbed oxygen on the TiO2 surface.
Thus, there are several previous reports on the detection of active oxygen species formed by a UV-irradiated TiO2 photocatalyst using luminol chemiluminescence, but no studies have been carried out for the time-resolved chemiluminescence detection of luminol by light-irradiated photocatalysts other than TiO2. BiVO4 photocatalysts have attracted a lot of attention from many researchers [14] and therefore, the detection of OH radicals by photoexcited BiVO4 [15], Ag-BiVO4 [16] and BiVO4-TiO2 photocatalysts [17] has already been carried out to understand the mechanism of degradation of organic compounds for these photocatalysts. However, very few attempts for detecting •O2− radicals formed by photoexcited BiVO4 or BiVO4 nanocomposite photocatalysts have been carried out so far. In particular, no time-resolved measurements of the lifetime of •O2− radicals formed by photoexcited BiVO4 photocatalysts have been performed. The formation of •O2− radicals formed by photoexcited BiVO4 photocatalysts plays the key role in the mechanism of photocatalytic reduction channels. In the present work, time-resolved measurements of luminol chemiluminescence by a 355 nm laser-irradiated luminol-BiVO4 suspension and the effects for the addition of alcohols or silver ions were investigated to clarify the time-dependent behaviors of O2- radicals formed by photoexcited BiVO4 photocatalysts.

2. Materials and Methods

Figure 1 illustrates the schematic figure of the experimental setups. The third harmonic (355 nm) of the Nd: YAG laser (surelite III, Amplitude, San Jose, CA, USA) was irradiated for the sample cell, and the emission from the cell was collected for the photomultiplier via the monochromator to eliminate the scattering laser light and measure the chemiluminescent spectra of luminol. Two focusing lenses were set between the sample suspension and monochromator to efficiently collect the chemiluminescence of luminol. The sample suspension flowed to a quartz cell (1 cm × 1 cm) and the sample suspension was set to 0.5 mM of luminol solutions with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0) suspended with 10 mg of BiVO4 photocatalytic powders. To introduce sufficient oxygen to the quartz cell, bubbling oxygen gas was performed to the sample solution or suspension out during the time-resolved chemiluminescence measurements. The signals of the photomultiplier were amplified using the preamplifier (SR445, Stanford, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) and the amplified signals were counted by the gate–photon counter (SR400, Stanford, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). For preliminary experiments, luminol chemiluminescence generated by the reaction of luminol with singlet oxygen was detected, where singlet oxygen was generated by the sensitized energy transfer process from the triplet excited state of rose bengal to the ground state of molecular oxygen. For the excitation of rose bengal dissolved in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0), the second (532 nm) harmonic of the Nd: YAG laser was used instead of the third harmonic (355 nm) of the Nd:YAG laser (see Section 3.1).
The luminol, sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and rose bengal used in the present study were obtained from Nacalai Tesque (Kyoto, Japan) and used without further purification. BiVO4 photocatalytic powders were purchased from the company Alfa Aesar (Haverhill, MA, USA) and were used without further purification. The crystalline structure for these photocatalytic powders was checked using the XRD patterns before the measurements of the time-resolved chemiluminescence for the light-irradiated luminol–photocatalysis suspension.

3. Results

3.1. Time-Resolved Chemiluminescence of Luminol Induced by the 532 nm Laser Irradiation of Rose Bengal and the Luminol Solution: The Time-Resolved Luminol Chemilulinescence Induced by Singlet Oxygen

Luminol is known to produce chemiluminescence by a reaction with singlet oxygen [18]. First, the detection of the luminol chemiluminescence generated by the reaction of singlet oxygen was carried out. In the present work, singlet oxygen was generated by 532 nm laser irradiation of a rose bengal solution, which is known as one of the singlet oxygen sensitizers. For these experiments, low mM of rose bengal was added into the luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0) and used as the sample solution. The results are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. As shown in Figure 2, the chemiluminescence of luminol was observed by the 532 nm laser irradiation of the mixture of luminol and rose bengal solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). It was also observed that the intensity and lifetime of luminol chemiluminescence were increased with increasing the concentration of rose bengal. Thus, it was confirmed that the present experimental setup can monitor the luminol chemiluminescence induced by the singlet oxygen formed by the laser-irradiated rose bengal–luminol solution.

3.2. Time-Resolved Chemiluminescence of Luminol Induced by the 355 nm Laser Irradiation of a BiVO4 and Luminol Suspension and Time-Resolved Luminol Chemilulinescence Induced by the Active Oxygen Species by 355 nm Laser-Irradiated Luminol and BiVO4 Photocatalyisis Suspensions

Since the detection of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the reaction of luminol with singlet oxygen was succeeded in our experimental setups, the time-resolved chemiluminescence of luminol by 355 nm laser irradiation of BiVO4-luminol suspension was attempted. In the sample suspension, the carbonate buffer (pH ~10) was added to induce the chemiluminescence of luminol. Figure 4 shows an example for the luminol chemiluminescence by 355 nm laser irradiation of the BiVO4-luminol suspension. Although the scatter of the 355 nm laser was also observed, the chemiluminescence of luminol appeared at around 405 nm. To check the temporal decay of the luminol chemiluminescence in the BiVO4 and luminol suspension, the time-resolved chemiluminescence of luminol was investigated by scanning the delay of the gate of the photon counting between the 355 nm laser irradiation and detection of the chemiluminescence. The results are given in Figure 5. While the time profile of the scattered light intensity at around 355 nm decays fast, within 10 μs, chemiluminescence signals have a longer decay time, suggesting that the active oxygen species formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation to BiVO4 photocatalysts had a longer lifetime of up to 300 μs.

3.3. Effects of the Addition of Alcohols

Since the time profiles of luminol chemiluminescence after 355 nm laser irradiation of the BiVO4-luminol system were observed, the effects of the hole scavengers for these time profiles were investigated. Here, alcohols such as methanol and ethanol were used for the scavengers of holes formed by the photocatalytic reactions. Figure 6 shows the results for the effects of the addition of methanol and ethanol, respectively. Although the differences were dependent on the type of alcohol, the addition of alcohols to the BiVO4-luminol system enhanced the chemiluminescence at longer delays of about around 50 μs or longer after 355 nm laser irradiation.

3.4. Effects of the Addition of Silver Ions

Next, the effects of the addition of silver nitrate on the chemiluminescence spectra generated by the 355 nm laser irradiation of the BiVO4-luminol suspension with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0) were investigated. The results are shown in Figure 7. The chemiluminescence intensity drastically decreased and, furthermore, the spectra of luminol chemiluminescence shifted to a shorter wavelength. The silver-doped photocatalyst might have reabsorbed the chemiluminescence around 430 nm and caused a decrease in chemiluminescence. To check the effect of the reabsorption, the time-resolved chemiluminescence for the BiVO4-luminol suspension after the 355 nm laser irradiation and the effects of the addition of silver nitrate were measured. The results are given in Figure 7. It was clearly seen that the decay of chemiluminescence of luminol became shorter when AgNO3 was added to the BiVO4-luminol suspension. Although the enhancement of luminol chemiluminescence by the addition of silver ions was reported by Shi et al. [19], the present results oppose the previous works, and the luminol chemiluminescence decreased and the lifetime of luminol chemiluminescence became shorter.

3.5. Discussions

The chemiluminescence of luminol induced by TiO2 photocatalytic reactions has been extensively studied by Hirakawa et al. [20,21] and Nosaka et al. [22]. They concluded that the superoxide anion radical (•O2− radicals) formed by the photocatalytic reduction reactions of oxygen on the TiO2 surface caused luminol chemiluminescence on the UV-irradiated TiO2 photocatalyst. Since UV-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalysts can also produce •O2− radicals, the chemiluminescence of luminol on the UV-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalyst was due to the reaction of luminol with •O2− radicals formed by the UV-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalyst. When the active oxygen species reacting with luminol was O2− radicals formed by the photoexcited BiVO4 photocatalysts, the lifetime of •O2− radicals was determined by the reaction of photogenerated holes in BiVO4 photocatalysts. Since alcohols such as methanol and ethanol scavenged holes on the BiVO4 photocatalyst and inhibited the charge recombination reactions, the lifetimes for •O2− radicals on the UV-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalyst increased with the addition of alcohol. This is consistent with the experimental observations that luminol chemiluminescence increased with alcohol addition because the reaction of •O2− radicals with the photogenerated holes in BiVO4 photocatalysts were suppressed. Thus, the present results support the formation of •O2− radicals from photoexcited BiVO4 photocatalysts.
On the other hand, the addition of Ag ion suppressed the photocatalytic reduction of oxygen, forming •O2− radicals on UV-irradiated BiVO4 surfaces. The reduction of Ag ion by the photocatalytic reaction of UV-irradiated BiVO4 surface was also evident through the disappearance of luminol chemiluminescence around 400 nm due to the reabsorption of light around 400 nm caused by the plasmonic absorption of Ag nanoparticles (see Figure 7). Figure 7 and Figure 8 also indicate the inhibition of luminol chemiluminescence by the UV-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalyst through the inhibition of the formation of •O2− radicals by the addition of Ag ions. Since the amount of holes increased due to the suppression of charge recombination by the photocatalytic reduction of Ag ions and the consumption of electrons on BiVO4 surfaces, the decay of •O2− radicals, in other words, decay of luminol chemiluminescence, became faster.
The schematic figure of the mechanism of the enhancement and suppression of luminol chemiluminescence due to the addition of alcohols and Ag ions, respectively, is given in Figure 9. This is the first time-resolved study on luminol chemiluminescence for UV-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalytic reactions. There are previous reports on singlet oxygen generation on UV-irradiated TiO2 photocatalysts [22]. The formation of •O2− radicals by photoexcited BiVO4 has been recently reported [23] and therefore, it is more probable that the present observation of luminol chemiluminescence by the photoexcited BiVO4 photocatalyst was due to the reaction of luminol with •O2− radicals. The present conclusions are also supported by the lifetime of •O2− radicals being longer than 100 μs [24], which is much longer than the lifetime of singlet oxygen [25]. Since there are still ambiguities for the identification of the active oxygen species reacting with luminol, further studies such as adding other radical scavengers such as EDTA are needed to clarify the reasons.

4. Conclusions

The rose bengal–luminol mixed solution exhibited luminol chemiluminescence due to the formation of singlet oxygen via the photosensitized reaction of rose bengal after the 532 nm laser excitation. Using the same experimental setups, luminol chemiluminescence via the photocatalytic reaction of BiVO4 powders under 355 nm laser irradiation of the BiVO4-liminol suspension was observed. The effects of hole scavengers for this luminol chemiluminescence generated by the 355 nm laser irradiation of the BiVO4-liminol suspension were investigated, and it was found that alcohols such as methanol and ethanol increased the luminol chemiluminescence as well as the lifetime of the luminol chemiluminescence. Next, the effects of luminol chemiluminescence by adding silver nitrate to the BiVO4-liminol suspension were investigated, and a decrease in luminol chemiluminescence was observed. It is suggested that •O2− radicals and the reactions with photogenerated holes of the BiVO4 photocatalytic powders have key roles in the intensities and lifetimes of the luminol chemiluminescence caused by the 355 nm laser irradiation of the BiVO4-liminol suspension.

Author Contributions

Y.M., writing and editing.; T.Y., investigation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Roda, A.; Guardigli, M. Analytical chemiluminescence and bioluminescence: Latest achievements and new horizons. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2022, 402, 69–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Garcia-Campana, A.; Lara, F.J. Trends in the analytical applications of chemiluminescence in the liquid phase. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 387, 165–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Yue, L.; Liu, Y.T. Mechanistic Insight into pH-Dependent Luminol Chemiluminescence in Aqueous Solution. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2020, 124, 7682–7693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Lu, C.; Song, G.; Lin, J.-M. Reactive oxygen species and their chemiluminescence-detection methods. Trends Anal. Chem. 2006, 25, 985–994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Ishibashi, K.; Fujishima, A.; Watanabe, T.; Hashimoto, K. Generation and Deactivation Processes of Superoxide Formed on TiO2 Film Illuminated by Very Weak UV Light in Air or Water. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 4934–4938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Hirakawa, T.; Nakaoka, Y.; Nishino, J.; Nosaka, Y. Primary Passages for Various TiO2 Photocatalysts Studied by Means of Luminol Chemiluminescent Probe. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 4399–4403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Shirai, N.; Matsuda, Y.; Sasaki, K. Visualization of short-lived reactive species in liquid in contact with atmospheric-pressure plasma by chemiluminescence of luminol. Appl. Phys. Express 2018, 11, 026201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Shirai, N.; Suga, G.; Sasaki, K. Correlation between gas-phase OH density and intensity of luminol chemiluminescence in liquid interacting with atmospheric-pressure plasma. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2019, 52, 39LT02. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Wu, X.-Z.; Lingyue, M.; Akiyama, K. Chemiluminescence study of active oxygen species produced by TiO2 photocatalytic reaction. Luminescence 2005, 20, 36–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Wu, X.-Z.; Akiyama, K.; Min, L. Time-resolved chemiluminescence of luminol induced by TiO2 photocatalytic reactions. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 2005, 78, 1149–1153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Min, L.; Wu, X.-Z.; Tetsuya, S.; Inoue, H. Time-resolved chemiluminescence study of the TiO2 photocatalytic reaction and its induced active oxygen species. Luminescence 2007, 22, 105–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Min, L.; Wu, X.-Z. Chemiluminescence from luminol solution after illumination of 355 nm pulse laser. Luminescence 2009, 24, 400–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Min, L.; Chen, X.; Wu, X.-Z. Comparison of chemiluminescence from luminol solution and luminol-TiO2 suspension after illumination of a 355 nm pulse laser. Luminescence 2010, 25, 355–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Malathi, A.; Madhavan, J.; Ashokkumar, M.; Arunachalam, P. A review on BiVO4 photocatalyst: Activity enhancement methods for solar photocatalytic applications. Appl. Catal. A General. 2018, 555, 47–74. [Google Scholar]
  15. Zhang, J.; Nosaka, Y. Generation of OH radicals and oxidation mechanism in photocatalysis of WO3 and BiVO4 powders. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem. 2015, 303–304, 53–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Kohtani, S.; Tomohiro, M.; Tokumura, K.; Nakagaki, R. Photooxidation reactions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over pure and Ag-loaded BiVO4 photocatalysts. Appl. Catal. B Environ. 2005, 28, 265–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Terao, S.; Murakami, Y. Formation of OH Radicals on BiVO4–TiO2 Nanocomposite Photocatalytic Film under Visible-Light Irradiation: Roles of Photocatalytic Reduction Channels. Reactions 2024, 5, 98–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Vasil’ev, R.F.; Tsaplev, Y.B. Light-created chemiluminescence. Russ. Chem. Rev. 2006, 75, 989–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Shi, W.; Wang, H.; Huang, Y. Luminol–silver nitrate chemiluminescence enhancement induced by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Luminescence 2011, 26, 547–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Hrakawa, T.; Yawata, K.; Nosaka, Y. Photocatalytic reactivity for •O2− and OH radical dot radical formation in anatase and rutile TiO2 suspension as the effect of H2O2 addition. Appl. Catal. A Gen. 2007, 325, 105–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Hirakawa, T.; Nosaka, Y. Properties of O2•− and OH• Formed in TiO2 Aqueous Suspensions by Photocatalytic Reaction and the Influence of H2O2 and Some Ions TiO2 luminol. Langumuir 2002, 18, 3247–3254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Nosaka, Y.; Daimon, T.; Nosaka, Y.A.; Murakami, Y. Singlet oxygen formation in photocatalytic TiO2 aqueous suspension. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2004, 6, 2917–2918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Xu, X.; Sun, Y.; Fan, Z.; Zhao, D.; Xiong, S.; Zhang, B.; Zhou, S.; Liu, G. Mechanisms for ·O2- and ·OH Production on Flowerlike BiVO4 Photocatalysis Based on Electron Spin Resonance. Front. Chem. 2018, 6, 00064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Luo, Z.; Yan, Y.; Spinney, R.; Dionyssiou, D.D.; Villamena, F.A.; Xiao, R.; Vione, D. Environmental implications of superoxide radicals: From natural processes to engineering applications. Water Res. 2024, 261, 122023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Daimon, T.; Nosaka, Y. Formation and Behavior of Singlet Molecular Oxygen in TiO2 Photocatalysis Studied by Detection of Near-Infrared Phosphorescence. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 4420–4424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Photochem 04 00033 g001
Figure 1. Schematic figure of the experimental setups.
Figure 1. Schematic figure of the experimental setups.
Photochem 04 00033 g001
Photochem 04 00033 g002
Figure 2. Spectra of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 532 nm laser irradiation of (a) 0.03 mM rose bengal (◆) and (b) 0.1 mM rose bengal (■) in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). Delay: 40 μs; gate width: 40 μs; count time: 3 s.
Figure 2. Spectra of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 532 nm laser irradiation of (a) 0.03 mM rose bengal (◆) and (b) 0.1 mM rose bengal (■) in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). Delay: 40 μs; gate width: 40 μs; count time: 3 s.
Photochem 04 00033 g002
Photochem 04 00033 g003
Figure 3. Spectra of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 532 nm laser irradiation of (a) 0.05 mM rose bengal (◆) and (b) 0.1 mM rose bengal (■) in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). Gate width: 2 μs; count time: 3 s.
Figure 3. Spectra of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 532 nm laser irradiation of (a) 0.05 mM rose bengal (◆) and (b) 0.1 mM rose bengal (■) in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). Gate width: 2 μs; count time: 3 s.
Photochem 04 00033 g003
Photochem 04 00033 g004
Figure 4. Spectra of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation of 100 mg BiVO4 powders in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). Delay: 200 μs; gate width: 10 μs; count time: 3 s.
Figure 4. Spectra of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation of 100 mg BiVO4 powders in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). Delay: 200 μs; gate width: 10 μs; count time: 3 s.
Photochem 04 00033 g004
Photochem 04 00033 g005
Figure 5. Time profiles of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation of 100 mg BiVO4 powders in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). The wavelength for detection was 355 nm (dashed lines) and 405 nm (◆, solid lines). Gate width: 1 μs: count time: 3 s.
Figure 5. Time profiles of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation of 100 mg BiVO4 powders in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). The wavelength for detection was 355 nm (dashed lines) and 405 nm (◆, solid lines). Gate width: 1 μs: count time: 3 s.
Photochem 04 00033 g005
Photochem 04 00033 g006
Figure 6. Time profiles of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation of 100 mg of BiVO4 powders in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). (a) Methanol (10 vol%) in a water solution. (b) Ethanol (10 vol%) in water. Dashed lines are the results obtained in pure water. The wavelength for the detection was set to 405 nm. Gate width: 1 μs; count time: 3 s.
Figure 6. Time profiles of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation of 100 mg of BiVO4 powders in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0). (a) Methanol (10 vol%) in a water solution. (b) Ethanol (10 vol%) in water. Dashed lines are the results obtained in pure water. The wavelength for the detection was set to 405 nm. Gate width: 1 μs; count time: 3 s.
Photochem 04 00033 g006
Photochem 04 00033 g007
Figure 7. Spectra of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation of 100 mg BiVO4 powders in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0) with different AgNO3 concentrations (◆: 5 mM, ■: 50 mM, ▲: 500 mM). Dashed line indicates no addition of AgNO3 to the luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10). Delay: 200 μs; gate width: 10 μs; count time: 3 s.
Figure 7. Spectra of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation of 100 mg BiVO4 powders in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0) with different AgNO3 concentrations (◆: 5 mM, ■: 50 mM, ▲: 500 mM). Dashed line indicates no addition of AgNO3 to the luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10). Delay: 200 μs; gate width: 10 μs; count time: 3 s.
Photochem 04 00033 g007
Photochem 04 00033 g008
Figure 8. Time profiles of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation of 100 mg BiVO4 powders in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0) with different AgNO3 concentrations (◆: 5 mM, ■: 50 mM, ▲: 500 mM). Dashed line indicate no addition of AgNO3 to the luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10). Gate width: 1 μs; count time: 3 s.
Figure 8. Time profiles of luminol chemiluminescence formed by the 355 nm laser irradiation of 100 mg BiVO4 powders in a 0.5 mM luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10.0) with different AgNO3 concentrations (◆: 5 mM, ■: 50 mM, ▲: 500 mM). Dashed line indicate no addition of AgNO3 to the luminol solution with a carbonate buffer (pH ~10). Gate width: 1 μs; count time: 3 s.
Photochem 04 00033 g008
Photochem 04 00033 g009
Figure 9. Schematic figure of the mechanism of the enhancement and suppression of luminol chemiluminescence by alcohol and Ag ion addition to UV-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalyst.
Figure 9. Schematic figure of the mechanism of the enhancement and suppression of luminol chemiluminescence by alcohol and Ag ion addition to UV-irradiated BiVO4 photocatalyst.
Photochem 04 00033 g009
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Yamazaki, T.; Murakami, Y. Time-Resolved Chemiluminescence of Luminol Formed by 355 nm Laser-Irradiated BiVO4 Photocatalysis: Effects of the Addition of Alcohols and Ag Ions. Photochem 2024, 4, 518-526. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040033

AMA Style

Yamazaki T, Murakami Y. Time-Resolved Chemiluminescence of Luminol Formed by 355 nm Laser-Irradiated BiVO4 Photocatalysis: Effects of the Addition of Alcohols and Ag Ions. Photochem. 2024; 4(4):518-526. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040033

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yamazaki, Tatsuya, and Yoshinori Murakami. 2024. "Time-Resolved Chemiluminescence of Luminol Formed by 355 nm Laser-Irradiated BiVO4 Photocatalysis: Effects of the Addition of Alcohols and Ag Ions" Photochem 4, no. 4: 518-526. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040033

APA Style

Yamazaki, T., & Murakami, Y. (2024). Time-Resolved Chemiluminescence of Luminol Formed by 355 nm Laser-Irradiated BiVO4 Photocatalysis: Effects of the Addition of Alcohols and Ag Ions. Photochem, 4(4), 518-526. https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem4040033

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop