Associations of Bedtime Schedules in Childhood with Obesity Risk in Adolescence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Sources
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Bedtimes and Bedtime Schedules
2.2.2. Anthropometric and BFP Measures
2.2.3. Sociodemographic Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Obesity Risk by Bedtime and Bedtime Regularity
3.3. BFP by Bedtime and Bedtime Regularity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Baseline Characteristics | At MCS5 | At MCS 6 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lost to FU | Sample | Lost to FU | Sample | |
N = 1601 | N = 11,044 | N = 2747 | N = 9898 | |
Child’s age, y, mean (SE) a | 7.3 (0.00) | 7.2 (0.00) | 7.2 (0.00) | 7.2 (0.00) |
Child’s sex a | ||||
Boy | 57.3 | 50.8 | 55.0 | 50.7 |
Girl | 42.7 | 49.2 | 45.0 | 49.3 |
Child’s ethnicity a | ||||
White | 84.2 | 86.3 | 86.7 | 85.9 |
Pakistani and Bangladeshi | 3.9 | 4.6 | 3.1 | 4.9 |
Black or Black British | 5.7 | 2.6 | 4.0 | 2.7 |
Mixed | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.1 |
Indian | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 2.1 |
Other ethnic groups | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
Frequency of physical activity | ||||
5 days/week | 64.9 | 66.4 | 69.0 | 65.4 |
4 days/week | 5.7 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 6.1 |
3 days/week | 7.3 | 7.7 | 7.0 | 7.8 |
2 days/week | 7.9 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 8.3 |
1 day/week | 6.5 | 5.6 | 5.4 | 5.8 |
Less often | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.9 |
Not at all | 6.1 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.7 |
TV hours on weekdays a | ||||
None | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.8 |
<1 h | 16.4 | 18.0 | 15.8 | 18.3 |
<3 h | 62.3 | 65.2 | 63.6 | 65.2 |
<5 h | 13.4 | 10.7 | 14.1 | 10.2 |
<7 h | 3.1 | 2.0 | 2.4 | 2.1 |
≥7 h | 3.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.5 |
Computer hours on weekdays a | ||||
None | 14.8 | 12.0 | 13.5 | 11.9 |
<1 h | 46.5 | 53.0 | 47.9 | 53.4 |
1–<3 h | 33.2 | 31.1 | 33.8 | 30.7 |
3–<5 h | 4.0 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 2.8 |
5–<7 h | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
≥7 h | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.5 |
Frequency of bedwetting | ||||
Never | 83.5 | 85.4 | 84.5 | 85.4 |
Occasionally | 10.4 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 |
1–2 times/week | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.9 |
3–4 times/week | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.3 |
Wears nappies at night | 3.2 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.2 |
Overweight status | ||||
Not overweight | 83.1 | 84.8 | 83.3 | 85.0 |
Overweight | 16.9 | 15.2 | 16.8 | 15.0 |
BFP (%), mean (SE) | 20.5 (0.1) | 20.2 (0.1) | 20.4 (0.1) | 20.2 (0.1) |
Highest level parental SES a | ||||
Managerial | 27.8 | 44.1 | 29.9 | 45.5 |
Intermediate | 19.6 | 20.5 | 20.8 | 20.3 |
Routine | 25.5 | 19.8 | 25.9 | 19.0 |
Unemployed | 27.1 | 15.6 | 23.4 | 15.3 |
Highest level of parental education (NVQ) a | ||||
Level 5 | 8.0 | 13.0 | 7.4 | 13.7 |
Level 4 | 26.7 | 36.9 | 27.9 | 37.8 |
Level 3 | 16.4 | 16.1 | 17.8 | 15.7 |
Level 2 | 28.8 | 22.7 | 29.1 | 21.8 |
Level 1 | 7.5 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 4.8 |
None of the above | 12.7 | 6.4 | 10.8 | 6.1 |
Bedtime regularity | ||||
Always regular | 60.0 | 59.5 | 60.0 | 59.3 |
Usually regular | 30.6 | 31.4 | 29.9 | 31.7 |
Sometimes regular | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 5.3 |
Never regular | 3.6 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 3.6 |
Bedtime, pm, mean (SE) | 8.00 (0.01) | 8.00 (0.01) | 8.00 (0.01) | 8.00 (0.01) |
7:30 PM or earlier | 34.7 | 32.8 | 33.1 | 33.1 |
7:31–8:00 PM | 34.5 | 37.8 | 36.0 | 37.7 |
8:01–8:30 PM | 16.3 | 16.8 | 17.2 | 16.6 |
8:31–9:00 PM | 11.3 | 10.5 | 11.3 | 10.5 |
After 9:00 PM | 3.3 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.2 |
Household size, mean (SE) | 4.5 (0.05) | 4.5 (0.02) | 4.5 (0.03) | 4.5 (0.03) |
MCS5 (11 Years) | MCS6 (14 Years) | |
---|---|---|
% Obese (95% CI) | % Obese (95% CI) | |
All non-obese 7-year-olds | 2.9 (2.6 to 3.4) | 4.9 (4.3 to 5.5) |
Regularity of bedtime | ||
Always regular | 2.4 (2.0 to2.9) | 4.5 (3.8 to 5.4) |
Usually regular | 2.9 (2.3 to 3.6) | 4.5 (3.6 to 5.5) |
Sometimes regular | 5.4 (3.6 to 7.9) | 7.0 (4.7 to 10.4) |
Never regular | 7.8 (5.3 to 11.3) | 11.0 (7.4 to 16.1) |
Bedtimes | ||
7:30 PM or earlier | 2.2 (1.7 to 2.8) | 3.5 (2.7 to 4.5) |
7:31–8:00 PM | 2.5 (2.0 to 3.0) | 4.5 (3.7 to 5.5) |
8:01–8:30 PM | 3.1 (2.3 to 4.2) | 4.8 (3.6 to 6.6) |
8:31–9:00 PM | 4.3 (3.1 to 6.0) | 7.1 (5.2 to 9.5) |
After 9:00 PM | 5.1 (2.8 to 9.2) | 10.0 (6.1 to 16.0) |
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MCS5 (11 Years) | MCS6 (14 Years) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Boys | Girls | All | Boys | Girls | |
All children | 21.4 (21.2; 21.6) | 19.2 (19.0; 19.4) | 23.8 (23.6; 24.0) | 21.1 (20.9; 21.3) | 16.1 (15.8; 16.4) | 26.6 (26.3; 26.8) |
Regularity of bedtime | ||||||
Always regular | 21.3 (21.1; 21.5) | 19.1 (18.8; 19.3) | 23.7 (23.4; 24.0) | 21.0 (20.6; 21.3) | 16.1 (15.7; 16.5) | 26.5 (26.2; 26.9) |
Usually regular | 21.4 (21.1; 21.7) | 19.1 (18.8; 19.5) | 23.7 (23.3; 24.1) | 21.1 (20.7; 21.4) | 16.0 (15.5; 16.5) | 26.4 (26.0; 26.8) |
Sometimes regular | 22.2 (21.5; 22.9) | 20.3 (19.3; 21.3) | 24.2 (23.3; 25.2) | 21.8 (20.8; 22.8) | 16.5 (15.5; 17.8) | 27.7 (26.7; 28.7) |
Never regular | 22.6 (21.8; 23.5) | 20.6 (19.3; 21.8) | 24.5 (23.5; 25.6) | 22.6 (21.3; 23.9) | 17.6 (15.8; 19.3) | 27.3 (25.9; 28.8) |
Bedtimes | ||||||
7:30 PM or earlier | 20.6 (20.3; 20.9) | 18.2 (17.8; 18.6) | 23.0 (22.6; 23.4) | 20.6 (20.1; 21.0) | 15.4 (15.0; 15.9) | 25.9 (25.4; 28.4) |
7:31–8:00 PM | 21.3 (21.0; 21.6) | 19.0 (18.7; 19.4) | 23.8 (23.4; 24.2) | 20.9 (20.5; 21.2) | 16.0 (15.5; 16.4) | 26.5 (26.2; 26.9) |
8:01–8:30 PM | 21.9 (21.5; 22.3) | 19.8 (19.3; 20.3) | 24.2 (23.7; 24.7) | 21.2 (20.6; 21.8) | 16.0 (15.4; 16.6) | 27.1 (26.5; 27.7) |
8:31–9:00 PM | 22.8 (22.3; 23.3) | 20.9 (20.3; 21.6) | 24.8 (24.2; 25.5) | 22.5 (21.8; 23.2) | 17.9 (16.9; 18.9) | 27.6 (26.8; 28.3) |
After 9:00 PM | 23.5 (22.5; 24.5) | 21.6 (20.0; 23.1) | 25.4 (23.9; 26.8) | 23.4 (22.0; 24.7) | 18.5 (16.7; 20.4) | 28.0 (26.4; 29.6) |
Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Obesity at 11 years | ||||
Regularity of bedtime | ||||
Always regular (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Usually regular | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) |
Sometimes regular | 2.1 (1.4 to 3.3) | 2.0 (1.3 to 3.0) | 1.9 (1.2 to 2.8) | 1.9 (1.2 to 2.8) |
Never regular | 2.8 (1.8 to 4.4) | 2.9 (2.0 to 4.2) | - | - |
p trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.013 | 0.008 |
Bedtimes (continuous) a | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) |
7:30 PM or earlier (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | - | - |
7:31–8:00 PM | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) | - | - |
8:01–8:30 PM | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.2) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) | - | - |
8:31–9:00 PM | 1.9 (1.2 to 3.7) | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.0) | - | - |
After 9:00 PM | 2.4 (1.1 to 5.0) | 1.6 (0.8 to 3.1) | - | - |
Obesity at 14 years | ||||
Regularity of bedtime | ||||
Always regular (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Usually regular | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) |
Sometimes regular | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.3) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.8) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) |
Never regular | 2.3 (1.5 to 3.6) | 2.3 (1.5 to 3.4) | - | - |
p trend | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.760 | 0.900 |
Bedtimes (continuous) a | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.8) | 1.3 (1.1 to 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) |
7:30 PM or earlier (Ref) | 1.0 | 1.0 | - | - |
7:31–8:00 PM | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.8) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.5) | - | - |
8:01–8:30 PM | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) | - | - |
8:31–9:00 PM | 2.0 (1.3 to 3.0) | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) | - | - |
After 9:00 PM | 2.6 (1.3 to 5.0) | 2.0 (1.2 to 3.3) | - | - |
Boys | Girls | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model IA | Model IVA | Model IB | Model IVB | |
BFP at 11 years | ||||
Regularity of bedtime | ||||
Always regular (Ref) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Usually regular | 0.0 (−0.4 to 0.5) | 0.0 (−0.3 to 0.4) | 0.1 (−0.4 to 0.5) | 0.1 (−0.2 to 0.5) |
Sometimes regular | 1.0 (0.0 to 2.1) | 0.1 (−0.8 to 0.9) | 0.4 (−0.7 to 1.4) | 0.1 (−0.7 to 0.8) |
Never regular | 1.1 (−0.3 to 2.5) | - | 0.9 (−0.4 to 2.1) | - |
p trend | 0.040 | 0.826 | 0.184 | 0.550 |
Bedtimes (continuous) a | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.5) | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.4) | 0.2 (0.0 to 0.5) |
7:30 PM or earlier (Ref) | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - |
7:31–8:00 PM | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.1) | - | 0.8 (0.2 to 1.4) | - |
8:01–8:30 PM | 1.2 (0.6 to 1.8) | - | 1.0 (0.3 to 1.7) | - |
8:31–9:00 PM | 1.9 (1.1 to 4.6) | - | 1.6 (0.7 to 2.5) | - |
After 9:00 PM | 2.5 (0.6 to 8.8) | - | 2.4 (0.6 to 4.2) | - |
BFP at 14 years | ||||
Regularity of bedtime | ||||
Always regular (Ref) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Usually regular | −0.2 (−0.8 to 0.4) | 0.0 (−0.5 to 0.5) | 0.2 (−0.3 to 0.6) | 0.1 (−0.3 to 0.5) |
Sometimes regular | 0.2 (−1.1 to 1.5) | −0.6 (−1.8 to 0.5) | 1.1 (0.0 to 2.1) | 0.5 (−0.3 to 1.4) |
Never regular | 1.1 (−0.9 to 3.1) | - | 0.3 (−1.2 to 1.9) | - |
p trend | 0.504 | 0.152 | 0.254 | |
Bedtimes (continuous) a | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.3) | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.1) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) | 0.3 (−0.1 to 0.6) |
7:30 PM or earlier (Ref) | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - |
7:31–8:00 PM | 0.3 (−0.3 to 1.0) | - | 0.4 (−0.2 to 1.0) | - |
8:01–8:30 PM | 0.2 (−0.6 to 1.0) | - | 0.9 (0.2 to 1.6) | - |
8:31–9:00 PM | 1.7 (0.6 to 2.8) | - | 1.3 (0.5 to 2.2) | - |
After 9:00 PM | 2.3 (0.1 to 4.6) | - | 1.9 (−0.1 to 3.8) | - |
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Mireku, M.O.; Fábelová, L. Associations of Bedtime Schedules in Childhood with Obesity Risk in Adolescence. Adolescents 2022, 2, 311-325. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents2020024
Mireku MO, Fábelová L. Associations of Bedtime Schedules in Childhood with Obesity Risk in Adolescence. Adolescents. 2022; 2(2):311-325. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents2020024
Chicago/Turabian StyleMireku, Michael Osei, and Lucia Fábelová. 2022. "Associations of Bedtime Schedules in Childhood with Obesity Risk in Adolescence" Adolescents 2, no. 2: 311-325. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents2020024