Diet and Life-History Traits of Savannah Dwelling Waterbirds in Southern Africa: Implications for Their Conservation Status
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Clusters on Life History Traits
3.2. Diet and Life History Traits in Relation to Population Trends
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Cluster | Code | Local Name | Scientific Name | Diet Guild | Global Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 | African Crake | Crex egregia | Semi-omn | Not Dec |
4 | African Darter | Anhinga rufa | Piscivores | Dec | |
6 | African Jacana | Actophilornis africanus | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
10 | African Rail | Rallus caerulescens | Omnivores | Not Dec | |
12 | African Snipe | Gallinago nigripennis | Insectivores | Dec | |
15 | Allen’s Gallinule | Porphyrio alleni | Omnivores | Dec | |
17 | Baillon’s Crake | Porzana pusilla | Insectivores | Dec | |
19 | Bar-tailed Godwit | Limosa lapponica | Omnivores | Dec | |
20 | Black Crake | Zapornia flavirostra | Omnivores | Dec | |
21 | Black Heron | Egretta ardesiaca | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
23 | Black Tern | Chlidonias niger | Piscivores | Dec | |
26 | Black-necked Grebe | Podiceps nigricollis | Insectivores | Dec | |
28 | Black-tailed Godwit | Limosa limosa | Omnivores | Dec | |
30 | Black-winged Pratincole | Glareola nordmanni | Insectivores | Dec | |
31 | Black-winged Stilt | Himantopus himantopus | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
32 | Bronze-winged Courser | Rhinoptilus chalcopterus | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
33 | Buff-spotted Flufftail | Sarothrura elegans | Semi-omn | Not Dec | |
37 | Caspian Plover | Charadrius asiaticus | Semi-omn | Dec | |
39 | Cattle Egret | Bubulcus ibis | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
40 | Chestnut-banded Plover | Charadrius pallidus | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
42 | Common Greenshank | Tringa nebularia | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
43 | Common Moorhen | Gallinula chloropus | Omnivores | Not Dec | |
44 | Common Redshank | Tringa totanus | Insectivores | Dec | |
45 | Common Ringed Plover | Charadrius hiaticula | Insectivores | Dec | |
46 | Common Sandpiper | Actitis hypoleucos | Omnivores | Dec | |
47 | Common Snipe | Gallinago gallinago | Omnivores | Dec | |
49 | Common Whimbrel | Numenius phaeopus | Insectivores | Dec | |
51 | Crowned Cormorant | Microcarbo coronatus | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
53 | Curlew Sandpiper | Calidris ferruginea | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
54 | Damara Tern | Sternula balaenarum | Piscivores | Dec | |
55 | Dimorphic egret | Egretta garzetta dimorpha | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
56 | Dwarf Bittern | Ixobrychus sturmii | Piscivores | Dec | |
58 | Eurasian Curlew | Numenius arquata | Omnivores | Dec | |
61 | Glossy Ibis | Plegadis falcinellus | Insectivores | Dec | |
65 | Great Snipe | Gallinago media | Insectivores | Dec | |
69 | Greater Painted Snipe | Rostratula benghalensis | Omnivores | Dec | |
70 | Greater Sandplover | Charadrius leschenaultii | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
71 | Green Sandpiper | Tringa ochropus | Omnivores | Not Dec | |
72 | Green-backed Heron | Butorides striata | Piscivores | Dec | |
74 | Grey Phalarope | Phalaropus fulicarius | Semi-omn | Not Dec | |
75 | Grey Plover | Pluvialis squatarola | Insectivores | Dec | |
83 | Kitlitz Plover | Charadrius pecuarius | Insectivores | Dec | |
89 | Lesser Jacana | Microparra capensis | Insectivores | Dec | |
90 | Lesser Moorhen | Gallinula angulata | Semi-omn | Dec | |
91 | Lesser Sandplover | Charadrius mongolus | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
92 | Little Bittern | Ixobrychus minutus | Piscivores | Dec | |
93 | Little Egret | Egretta garzetta | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
94 | Little Grebe | Tachybaptus ruficollis | Insectivores | Dec | |
95 | Little Ringed Plover | Charadrius dubius | Insectivores | Dec | |
96 | Little Stint | Calidris minuta | Omnivores | Dec | |
97 | Little Tern | Sternula albifrons | Piscivores | Dec | |
98 | Long-tailed Cormorant | Microcarbo africanus | Piscivores | Dec | |
100 | Maccoa Duck | Oxyura maccoa | Omnivores | Dec | |
102 | Madagascar Jacana | Actophilornis albinucha | Semi-omn | Dec | |
103 | Madagascar Pond Heron | Ardeola idae | Piscivores | Dec | |
104 | Madagascar Snipe | Gallinago macrodactyla | Semi-omn | Dec | |
106 | Marsh Sandpiper | Tringa stagnatilis | Insectivores | Dec | |
110 | Pacific Golden Plover | Pluvialis fulva | Insectivores | Dec | |
112 | Pied Kingfisher | Ceryle rudis | Piscivores | Dec | |
115 | Red Knobbed Coot | Fulica cristata | Semi-omn | Dec | |
116 | Red Knot | Calidris canutus | Omnivores | Dec | |
118 | Red-chested Flufftail | Sarothrura rufa | Omnivores | Dec | |
119 | Red-necked Phalarope | Phalaropus lobatus | Omnivores | Dec | |
120 | Red-tailed Flufftail | Sarothrura affinis | Semi-omn | Dec | |
121 | Red-winged Pranticole | Glareola pratincola | Insectivores | Dec | |
122 | Rock Pratincole | Glareola nuchalis | Insectivores | Dec | |
124 | Ruddy Turnstone | Arenaria interpres | Omnivores | Dec | |
125 | Ruff | Philomachus pugnax | Omnivores | Dec | |
126 | Rufous-bellied Heron | Ardeola rufiventris | Piscivores | Dec | |
128 | Sanderling | Calidris alba | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
135 | Spotted Crake | Porzana porzana | Omnivores | Not Dec | |
138 | Spur-winged Lapwing | Vanellus spinosus | Semi-omn | Not Dec | |
139 | Squacco Heron | Ardeola ralloides | Piscivores | Dec | |
140 | Staty Egret | Egretta vinaceigula | Piscivores | Dec | |
141 | Streaky-breasted Flufftail | Sarothrura boehmi | Herbivores | Dec | |
142 | Stripped Crake | Amaurornis marginalis | Insectivores | Dec | |
143 | Temminck Courser | Cursorius temminckii | Semi-omn | Not Dec | |
144 | Terek Sandpiper | Xenus cinereus | Omnivores | Dec | |
146 | Three-banded Plover | Charadrius tricollaris | Insectivores | Dec | |
151 | White Winged Tern | Chlidonias leucopterus | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
158 | White-throated Rail | Dryolimnas cuvieri | Omnivores | Not Dec | |
159 | Wiskered Tern | Chlidonias hybrida | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
160 | Wood Sandpiper | Tringa glareola | Omnivores | Not Dec | |
2 | 2 | African Black Oystercatcher | Haematopus moquini | Insectivores | Not Dec |
5 | African Finfoot | Podica senegalensis | Insectivores | Dec | |
7 | African Openbill Stork | Anastomus lamelligerus | Piscivores | Dec | |
8 | African Purple Swamphen | Porphyrio porphyrio | Omnivores | Dec | |
11 | African Skimmer | Rynchops flavirostris | Piscivores | Dec | |
13 | African Spoonbill | Platalea alba | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
14 | African Wattled Lapwing | Vanellus senegallus | Semi-omn | Not Dec | |
16 | Arctic Tern | Sterna paradisaea | Piscivores | Dec | |
18 | Bank Cormorant | Phalacrocorax neglectus | Piscivores | Dec | |
24 | Black-crowned Night Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax | Omnivores | Dec | |
25 | Black-headed Heron | Ardea melanocephala | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
27 | Blacksmith Lapwing | Vanellus armatus | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
29 | Black-winged Lapwing | Vanellus melanopterus | Insectivores | Dec | |
34 | Cape Cormorant | Phalacrocorax capensis | Piscivores | Dec | |
38 | Caspian Tern | Hydroprogne caspia | Piscivores | Dec | |
41 | Common Bittern | Botaurus stellaris | Piscivores | Dec | |
48 | Common Tern | Sterna hirundo | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
59 | Franklin’s Gull | Larus pipixcan | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
62 | Goliath Heron | Ardea goliath | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
64 | Great Egret | Ardea alba | Piscivores | Dec | |
67 | Greater Crested Tern | Thalasseus bergii | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
73 | Grey Heron | Ardea cinerea | Piscivores | Dec | |
76 | Grey-hooded Gull | Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
77 | Gull-billed Tern | Gelochelidon nilotica | Insectivores | Dec | |
78 | Hadeda Ibis | Bostrychia hagedash | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
79 | Hamerkop | Scopus umbretta | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
80 | Hartlaub’s Gull | Chroicocephalus hartlaubii | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
82 | Intermediate Egret | Ardea intermedia | Piscivores | Dec | |
85 | Lesser Black-backed Gull | Larus fuscus | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
86 | Lesser Black-winged Plover | Vanellus lugubris | Semi-omn | Not Dec | |
87 | Lesser Crested Tern | Thalasseus bengalensis | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
99 | Long-toed Lapwing | Vanellus crassirostris | Semi-omn | Dec | |
101 | Madagascar Heron | Ardea humbloti | Piscivores | Dec | |
105 | Madagascar Teal | Anas bernieri | Insectivores | Dec | |
111 | Pied Avocet | Recurvirostra avosetta | Omnivores | Dec | |
114 | Purple Heron | Ardea purpurea | Piscivores | Dec | |
123 | Roseate Tern | Sterna dougallii | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
127 | Sacred Ibis | Threskiornis aethiopicus | Insectivores | Dec | |
129 | Sandwich Tern | Thalasseus sandvicensis | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
132 | Southern Bald Ibis | Geronticus calvus | Insectivores | Dec | |
133 | Southern Black-backed Gull | Larus dominicanus | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
136 | Spotted Thickknee | Burhinus capensis | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
145 | Three-banded Courser | Rhinoptilus cinctus | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
147 | Eurasian Oystercatcher | Haematopus ostralegus | Insectivores | Dec | |
148 | Water Thickknee | Burhinus vermiculatus | Omnivores | Dec | |
153 | White-backed Night Heron | Gorsachius leuconotus | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
154 | White-breasted Cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
155 | White-crowned Lapwing | Vanellus albiceps | Semi-omn | Not Dec | |
157 | White-fronted Plover | Charadrius marginatus | Insectivores | Dec | |
163 | Yellow-billed Stork | Mycteria ibis | Piscivores | Dec | |
3 | 22 | Black Stork | Ciconia nigra | Insectivores | Dec |
52 | Crowned Crane | Balearica regulorum | Semi-omn | Dec | |
66 | Great White Pelican | Pelecanus onocrotalus | Piscivores | Dec | |
68 | Greater Flamingo | Phoenicopterus roseus | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
88 | Lesser Flamingo | Phoeniconaias minor | Insectivores | Dec | |
113 | Pink-backed Pelican | Pelecanus rufescens | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
130 | Shoebill | Balaeniceps rex | Piscivores | Dec | |
149 | Wattled Crane | Grus carunculate | Omnivores | Dec | |
150 | White Stork | Ciconia ciconia | Piscivores | Not Dec | |
161 | Woolly necked Stork | Ciconia episcopus | Insectivores | Dec | |
4 | 1 | African Black Duck | Anas sparsa | Omnivores | Dec |
9 | African Pygmy Goose | Nettapus auritus | Herbivores | Dec | |
35 | Cape Shoveler | Spatula smithii | Omnivores | Not Dec | |
36 | Cape Teal | Anas capensis | Omnivores | Not Dec | |
50 | Corn Crake | Crex crex | Semi-omn | Not Dec | |
57 | Egyptian Geese | Alopochen aegyptiaca | Herbivores | Dec | |
60 | Fulvous Duck | Dendrocygna bicolor | Herbivores | Dec | |
63 | Great Crested Grebe | Podiceps cristatus | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
81 | Hottentot Teal | Spatula hottentota | Omnivores | Dec | |
84 | Knob-billed Duck | Sarkidiornis melanotos | Herbivores | Dec | |
107 | Meller’s Duck | Anas melleri | Herbivores | Dec | |
108 | Northern Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos | Omnivores | Not Dec | |
109 | Northern Shoveler | Spatula clypeata | Insectivores | Not Dec | |
117 | Red-billed Teal | Anas erythrorhyncha | Omnivores | Dec | |
131 | South African Shelduck | Tadorna cana | Herbivores | Not Dec | |
134 | Southern Pochard | Netta erythrophthalma | Herbivores | Dec | |
137 | Spur-winged Goose | Plectropterus gambensis | Herbivores | Not Dec | |
152 | White-backed Duck | Thalassornis leuconotus | Herbivores | Dec | |
156 | White-faced Duck | Dendrocygna viduata | Semi-omn | Not Dec | |
162 | Yellow-billed Duck | Anas undulata | Omnivores | Not Dec |
Appendix B
Model | K | AICc | ΔAICc | Wi |
---|---|---|---|---|
Global trend~Diet body size | 3 | 208.724 | 0 | 0.788 |
Global trend~Waterbird cluster + diet Body size | 6 | 212.534 | 3.81 | 0.117 |
Global trend~Waterbird guild + number of prey items consumed + diet body size | 8 | 213.024 | 4.299 | 0.092 |
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Diet Body Length Classes | Waterbird Allocated Guilds | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Global Status | 1 | 2 | 3 | Herb | Insect | Semi-Omniv | Omniv | Pisci |
Declining | 55 | 20 | 24 | 8 | 31 | 8 | 24 | 28 |
Not declining | 23 | 32 | 9 | 2 | 21 | 10 | 10 | 21 |
Total | 78 | 52 | 33 | 10 | 52 | 18 | 34 | 49 |
Percentage of Birds Consuming Prey Item | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Prey Item | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 |
Algae/plankton | 7 | 2 | - | 10 |
Annelids | 49 | 38 | - | 20 |
Arachnids | 25 | 6 | - | - |
Bird eggs | 6 | 10 | - | - |
Birds | 6 | 26 | 30 | - |
Chilopods | 1 | - | - | - |
Chironomids | 1 | 2 | - | 5 |
Clinids | 1 | - | - | - |
Coleopterans | 39 | 32 | - | 20 |
Crustaceans | 59 | 62 | 50 | 55 |
Culicidae | 5 | - | - | - |
Cyanobacteria | 5 | - | 10 | - |
Demapterans | 17 | 6 | - | 15 |
Diatoms | 2 | - | 10 | 5 |
Diplopods | 6 | 4 | - | 5 |
Dipterans | 47 | 22 | 10 | 20 |
Echinoderms | 4 | - | - | - |
Ephemeropterans | 30 | 8 | 10 | - |
Fruits | 7 | 6 | 20 | 90 |
Gastropods | 20 | 12 | 20 | 05 |
Hemipterans | 37 | 2 | - | 30 |
Homopterans | 25 | 12 | 10 | 5 |
Hymenoptera | 35 | 16 | - | - |
Isopterans | 34 | 12 | - | 30 |
Leaves | 23 | 10 | 20 | 90 |
Lepidopterans | 35 | 16 | 20 | 15 |
Mantids | 17 | 8 | - | 10 |
Molluscs | 46 | 54 | 50 | 40 |
Odonata | 25 | 18 | - | 5 |
Orthopterans | 30 | 28 | 20 | 40 |
Roots/tubers | 22 | 12 | 10 | 85 |
Rotifers | 5 | 2 | 10 | - |
Scorpiones | 8 | 8 | 10 | 20 |
Seeds | 39 | 18 | 30 | 80 |
Small amphibians | 30 | 42 | 60 | 20 |
Small mammals | 7 | 24 | 20 | - |
Small reptiles | 11 | 20 | 50 | - |
Trichopterans | 17 | 12 | 10 | 20 |
Tunicates | 54 | 66 | 50 | 30 |
Variable | Estimate | Std. Error | Z Value | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | −0.8718 | 0.2483 | −3.511 | 0.0004 |
Diet body length 11–50 mm | 1.3418 | 0.378 | 3.55 | 0.0004 |
Diet body length > 50 mm | −0.109 | 0.4631 | −0.235 | 0.8139 |
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Tarakini, T.; Mabika, I.; Mwedzi, T.; Mundy, P.; Fritz, H. Diet and Life-History Traits of Savannah Dwelling Waterbirds in Southern Africa: Implications for Their Conservation Status. Birds 2021, 2, 173-184. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds2020013
Tarakini T, Mabika I, Mwedzi T, Mundy P, Fritz H. Diet and Life-History Traits of Savannah Dwelling Waterbirds in Southern Africa: Implications for Their Conservation Status. Birds. 2021; 2(2):173-184. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds2020013
Chicago/Turabian StyleTarakini, Tawanda, Innocent Mabika, Tongayi Mwedzi, Peter Mundy, and Hervé Fritz. 2021. "Diet and Life-History Traits of Savannah Dwelling Waterbirds in Southern Africa: Implications for Their Conservation Status" Birds 2, no. 2: 173-184. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds2020013
APA StyleTarakini, T., Mabika, I., Mwedzi, T., Mundy, P., & Fritz, H. (2021). Diet and Life-History Traits of Savannah Dwelling Waterbirds in Southern Africa: Implications for Their Conservation Status. Birds, 2(2), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds2020013