Hydrogen Purification through a Membrane–Cryogenic Integrated Process: A 3 E’s (Energy, Exergy, and Economic) Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Process Description and Simulation
2.1.1. Membrane Process
2.1.2. CO2 Solidification Process
2.1.3. Process Simulation
- No experimental data are available on the amount of CO2 that solidifies under the operating conditions; a 100% solidification rate is assumed.
- The compressors in the refrigeration cycle are operated with a compression ratio of ≤3.0.
- The pressure drop across all the coolers and heat exchangers is considered to be negligible.
- The efficiencies of the compressors, pumps, and expanders are maintained at 75%.
- The minimum internal approach temperature (MITA) for the multi-stream heat exchanger is maintained at 1.0–2.0 °C.
- The heat loss is considered to be negligible.
2.2. Process Optimization
2.3. Energy Analysis
2.3.1. Design Variable Analysis
2.3.2. Composite Curve Analysis
2.4. Exergy Analysis
2.5. Economic Analysis
3. Results and Discussion: Process Analysis
3.1. Energy Analysis
3.1.1. Design Variables Analysis
3.1.2. Composite Curve (CC) Analysis
3.2. Exergy Analysis
3.3. Economic Analysis
3.4. Comparison with Conceptual Studies
4. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feed Conditions | Values |
---|---|
Vapor/Phase Fraction | 1.00 |
Temperature (°C) | 35.00 |
Pressure (bar) | 5.00 |
Mass Flow (kg/s) | 100.00 |
H2 (mol%) | 0.20 |
Carbon Dioxide (mol%) | 0.80 |
Refrigerants Conditions | Values |
---|---|
C2 (mol%) | 25.33 |
C3 (mol%) | 74.67 |
Suction Pressure (bar) | 1.18 |
Discharge Pressure (bar) | 14.40 |
Temperature (°C) | 23.02 |
Stream ID | CO2 | H2 | C2 | C3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Feed | 0.8000 | 0.2000 | 0 | 0 |
CO2-m | 0.9908 | 0.0092 | 0 | 0 |
H2-m | 0.9996 | 0.0004 | 0 | 0 |
14 | 0 | 0 | 0.2533 | 0.7467 |
H2 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 |
sCO2 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Equipment | Exergy Destruction Equations |
---|---|
Compressors | |
Expanders | |
Pumps | |
Phase separators | |
Heat exchangers | |
Cryogenic heat exchanger | |
Cold chamber | |
Membranes |
Section | Variables | Values |
---|---|---|
Membrane Separation | High pressure (bar) | 10.0 |
Low pressure (bar) | 0.10 | |
Mem-1 area (m2) | 9000 | |
Mem-2 area (m2) | 500 | |
Mem-3 area (m2) | 1000 | |
CO2 purity (%) | 99.08 | |
CO2 recovery (%) | 98.13 | |
De-sublimation cycle | C2 (kg/s) | 2.305 |
C3 (kg/s) | 9.962 | |
Discharge Pressure (bar) | 14.40 | |
Suction Pressure (bar) | 1.177 | |
Desublimation temperature (°C) | −61 | |
Desublimation pressure (bar) | 4.00 | |
CHX-1 MITA (°C) | 1.00 | |
H2 purity (%) | 99.96 | |
H2 recovery (%) | 95.9 |
Membrane section SEC (kWh/kg) | 2.26 |
Desublimation section SEC (kWh/kg) | 0.11 |
Net SEC (kWh/kg) | 2.37 |
Section | Equipment | Exergy Destruction (kW) |
---|---|---|
Membrane section | Compressors | 77,274.1 |
Coolers | 368,514.5 | |
Membranes | 388,083.5 | |
Desublimation section | Compressors | 287.4 |
Expanders | 353.5 | |
Pumps | 5.3 | |
Vessels | 277.1 | |
Coolers | 12.8 | |
CHX-1 | 693.2 | |
Cold box | 0.5 |
Technology | Product Conditions | Energy Requirements | Cost | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Membrane–PSA | H2 purity: 99.98 % H2 recovery: 97% | N/A | N/A | [16] |
Membrane–PSA | H2 purity: 99.0 % H2 recovery: 98% | Energy efficiency: 77.5% | H2 production cost: 0.6 €/kg (0.65 $/kg) * | [17] |
Cryogenic–Membrane | H2 purity: 90.4% H2 recovery: 98% | Energy consumption: 36.6 MW | N/A | [27] |
Cryogenic–Membrane | H2 purity: 90% H2 recovery: 98% | SEC: 0.546 GJ/ton CO2 | TAC: 40.9 m$/y | [28] |
This study (Membrane–Cryogenic) | H2 purity: 99% H2 recovery: 96% | SEC: 2.37 kWh/kg | TAC: 460.8 m$/y |
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Naquash, A.; Riaz, A.; Yehia, F.; Chaniago, Y.D.; Lim, H.; Lee, M. Hydrogen Purification through a Membrane–Cryogenic Integrated Process: A 3 E’s (Energy, Exergy, and Economic) Assessment. Gases 2023, 3, 92-105. https://doi.org/10.3390/gases3030006
Naquash A, Riaz A, Yehia F, Chaniago YD, Lim H, Lee M. Hydrogen Purification through a Membrane–Cryogenic Integrated Process: A 3 E’s (Energy, Exergy, and Economic) Assessment. Gases. 2023; 3(3):92-105. https://doi.org/10.3390/gases3030006
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaquash, Ahmad, Amjad Riaz, Fatma Yehia, Yus Donald Chaniago, Hankwon Lim, and Moonyong Lee. 2023. "Hydrogen Purification through a Membrane–Cryogenic Integrated Process: A 3 E’s (Energy, Exergy, and Economic) Assessment" Gases 3, no. 3: 92-105. https://doi.org/10.3390/gases3030006