Abstract
Herein, we present the development of new organocatalytic cascade reactions for the synthesis and diversification of privileged structures, using trienamine activation as a key step. An important feature of this process is that once it is completed, it is possible to generate new reactive species within the same molecule. In this sense, a series of consecutive reactions can be carried out, incorporating dienophiles with a nucleophilic addition functionality. As a result, complex and diverse compounds can be accessed through simple starting materials.
1. Introduction
Diversity-oriented synthesis and asymmetric aminocatalysis constitute two important tools to access new compounds of interest. The extraordinary development of these two areas has allowed chemists to populate new regions of chemical space. Therefore, new libraries of complex and diverse structures are available for the development of new drugs. In recent years, the term Aminocatalytic privileged-structure Diversity-Oriented Synthesis (ApDOS) has been conceptualized, highlighting its potential towards the asymmetric synthesis and diversification of privileged structures, small base molecules of complex natural architectures that usually present important biological activities [1,2,3]. Currently, our group is working with organocatalytic cascade reactions between 2,4-dienals and single and double dienophiles with a coumarin-based structure (Scheme 1).
Scheme 1.
Conceptualization of the cascade reactions via trienamine activation.
2. Methods
The starting materials and reagents used in this project are commercially available unless synthesis is described (Scheme 2, Figure 1). Proton (1H) NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker 500 MHz spectrometer. Flash column chromatography was performed on silica gel as the stationary phase, using hexane/ethyl acetate as eluent.
Scheme 2.
Synthesis of 2,4-dienals (Heck) and coumarin-based amides (Knoevenagel).
Figure 1.
Synthetic scope of the coumarin-based amides.
3. Results and Discussion
Once the experimental conditions were optimized and the reaction products were isolated (Scheme 3), the study of the stereoselectivity and absolute configuration of the cascade reaction were performed using HPLC (chiral column) and XRD (Figure 2). It should be noted that under this methodology, it will be possible to obtain polycyclic structures with up to four stereogenic centers. The correct choice of aminocatalyst is very important to enable processes with a high degree of stereoselectivity.
Scheme 3.
General reaction conditions and ApDOS scope.
Figure 2.
Relative configuration assignment and XRD structure.
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, organocatalytic reactions between 2,4-dienales and dienophiles with a coumarin-based structure are viable, using trienamine activation as a key step. These aminocatalytic methodologies open up new perspectives for the synthesis of privileged polycyclic structures with a complex diversity from simple starting materials.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, D.C.C. and C.V.G.; methodology, A.M.O.; validation, D.C.C. and C.V.G.; formal analysis, A.M.O.; investigation, A.M.O.; resources, D.C.C. and C.V.G.; data curation, A.M.O.; writing—original draft preparation, A.M.O.; writing—review and editing, D.C.C. and C.V.G.; supervision, D.C.C. and C.V.G.; project administration, D.C.C. and C.V.G.; funding acquisition, D.C.C. and C.V.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by Ciencia Básica y de Frontera 2023–2024 (Project: BF2023-2024-266) and the projects from DAIP-UG (CIIC: 150/2024 and 090/2024).
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available in the article.
Acknowledgments
A.M.O thanks to the research group in Organocatalysis and Natural Products Chemistry headed by Clarisa Villegas Gómez and David Cruz Cruz. CONAHCyT for the doctoral scholarship, Ciencia Básica y de Frontera 2023–2024 (Project: BF2023-2024-266) and the postgraduate DAIP-UG for the support received through the projects (CIIC: 150/2024 and 090/2024).
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare not conflict of interest.
References
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