The Role of Cathepsins in the Growth of Primary and Secondary Neoplasia in the Bone
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Osteosarcoma
1.2. Bone Metastasis in Breast and Prostate Cancer
2. Proteolytic Enzyme Targeting in Cancer
2.1. The Physiologic Role of Cathepsins
2.2. Role of Cathepsins in Bone Remodeling
3. The Role of Cathepsin in Cancer
The Role of Cathepsins in Primary Bone Cancer and Metastases to the Bone
4. Targeting Cathepsin in Primary Bone and Metastatic Bone Cancer
4.1. Cathepsin Targeting in Primary Bone Tumors
4.2. Cathepsin Targeting in Secondary Bone Tumors
5. Conclusions and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BCa | Breast Cancer |
BMP-4 | Bone Morphogenic Protein 4 |
CAM | Cell Adhesion Molecule |
Cat | Cathepsin |
CCL2 | Macrophage Chemo Attractant Protein-1 |
CCR2 | C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 2 |
CSF | Colony Stimulating Factor |
Dox | Doxorubicin |
ECM | Extracellular Matrix |
GPCR | G Protein Coupled Receptor |
hOSM | Oncostatin M |
IGF | Insulin-Like Growth Factor |
IL | Interleukin |
m-CSF | Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor |
MDSC | Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells |
NF-κB | Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B Cells |
OS | Osteosarcoma |
PAR-1 | Protease-Activated Receptor-1 |
PCa | Prostate Cancer |
PTH | Parathyroid Hormone |
PTHrP | Parathyroid Hormone Related Peptide |
RANKL | Receptor Activator of NF-Kappa-β Ligand |
SCID | Severe Combined Immunodeficiency |
sRANKL | Soluble Receptor Activator of NF-Kappa-β Ligand |
TGF-β | Transforming Growth Factor-beta |
TNFα | Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha |
TRAIL-DR5 | Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis- Inducing Ligand Death Receptor-5 |
TRACP 5b | Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase 5b |
uPA | Urokinase-Plasminogen Activator |
VEGF | Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor |
ZOL | Zoledronic Acid |
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Cathepsin Target | Agent | Study Type | Target Approach | Effects | Side Effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CatB | CA074Me | Preclinical | SMI |
| -- |
BPC | Preclinical | SMI |
| -- | |
CatG | TPCK | Preclinical | SMI |
| -- |
CatK | Genetic inhibition | Preclinical | CatK null mice |
| -- |
AFG-495 | Preclinical | SMI |
| -- | |
CKI | Preclinical | SMI |
| -- | |
L-235 |
| -- | |||
Odanacatib | Preclinical/Clinical | SMI |
| -Increase risk of stroke | |
-Skin rashes | |||||
CatL | Genetic inhibition | Preclinical | Antisense oligonucleotides |
| -- |
iCL | Preclinical | SMI |
| -- | |
Muscadine grape skin extract | Preclinical |
| -- | ||
CLIK-148 | Preclinical | SMI |
| -- | |
CatB/CatK | E64 | Preclinical | SMI |
| -- |
CatK/CatL | KGP94 | Preclinical | SMI |
| -- |
Pan-cathepsin inhibitor | JMP-OEt | SMI |
| -- |
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Fasanya, H.O.; Siemann, D.W. The Role of Cathepsins in the Growth of Primary and Secondary Neoplasia in the Bone. Osteology 2021, 1, 3-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology1010002
Fasanya HO, Siemann DW. The Role of Cathepsins in the Growth of Primary and Secondary Neoplasia in the Bone. Osteology. 2021; 1(1):3-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology1010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleFasanya, Henrietta O., and Dietmar W. Siemann. 2021. "The Role of Cathepsins in the Growth of Primary and Secondary Neoplasia in the Bone" Osteology 1, no. 1: 3-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/osteology1010002