Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Indian Population: Findings from a Nationally Representative Study of 698,286 Participants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Data Collection and Measurement
2.3. Outcome Variable
2.4. Explanatory Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Unweighted Frequency n (%) | Prevalence of Obesity (%) * | Prevalence of Abdominal Obesity (%) * |
---|---|---|---|
Age Group (in Years) | |||
18–24 | 170,357 (24.47) | 4.76 | 42.98 |
25–34 | 229,360 (32.67) | 11.59 | 54.32 |
35–44 | 197,342 (28.21) | 16.23 | 59.80 |
45–54 | 101,227 (14.65) | 17.15 | 63.85 |
Gender | |||
Male | 88,019 (12.43) | 11.56 | 54.78 |
Female | 610,267 (87.57) | 16.31 | 60.84 |
Highest Educational Status | |||
No formal schooling | 160,276 (22.44) | 7.98 | 54.37 |
Up to primary | 93,526 (13.55) | 11.75 | 56.63 |
Up to secondary | 335,078 (46.95) | 16.39 | 58.93 |
College and higher | 109,406 (17.07) | 20.71 | 61.30 |
Marital Status | |||
Never married | 131,465 (17.47) | 10.50 | 57.55 |
Currently married | 536,888 (78.20) | 14.11 | 58.48 |
Others a | 29,933 (4.33) | 11.12 | 54.15 |
Household Wealth Status | |||
Poorest | 140,641 (18.02) | 4.59 | 53.07 |
Poorer | 153,614 (20.04) | 8.00 | 55.18 |
Middle | 147,759 (20.91) | 12.41 | 56.72 |
Richer | 137,007 (21.15) | 17.78 | 59.61 |
Richest | 119,265 (19.87) | 24.54 | 62.99 |
Zone of Residence | |||
North | 129,441 (13.26) | 15.51 | 63.72 |
North-East | 101,672 (3.84) | 8.22 | 57.48 |
Central | 171,091 (24.46) | 11.45 | 56.48 |
East | 111,567 (22.73) | 9.28 | 64.37 |
West | 72,405 (14.50) | 13.48 | 46.98 |
South | 112,110 (21.22) | 21.08 | 56.05 |
Place of Residence | |||
Urban | 173,936 (32.02) | 20.14 | 61.17 |
Rural | 524,350 (67.98) | 10.65 | 56.04 |
Current Smoker/Tobacco use | |||
No | 602,583 (89.29) | 15.98 | 58.88 |
Yes | 95,703 (10.71) | 8.28 | 55.23 |
Current Alcohol Consumption | |||
No | 660,919 (96.40) | 14.20 | 57.80 |
Yes | 37,367 (3.60) | 8.99 | 58.21 |
Variable | Obesity | Abdominal Obesity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
Age Group (in Years) | ||||
18–24 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
25–34 | 2.97 *** (2.89–3.06) | 2.31 *** (2.24–2.39) | 1.49 *** (1.47–1.51) | 1.33 *** (1.31–1.35) |
35–44 | 4.99 *** (4.86–5.13) | 3.89 *** (3.76–4.02) | 1.93 *** (1.90–1.96) | 1.72 *** (1.69–1.75) |
45–54 | 5.38 *** (5.22–5.54) | 4.29 *** (4.14–4.45) | 2.28 *** (2.24–2.33) | 2.11 *** (2.06–2.16) |
Gender | ||||
Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Female | 1.24 *** (1.21–1.27) | 1.21 *** (1.17–1.24) | 1.54 *** (1.51–1.57) | 1.55 *** (1.52–1.58) |
Highest Educational Status | ||||
No formal schooling | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Up to primary | 1.16 *** (1.13–1.19) | 1.20 *** (1.17–1.24) | 0.91 *** (0.89–0.93) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
Up to secondary | 1.11 *** (1.08–1.13) | 1.28 *** (1.25–1.31) | 0.80 *** (0.79–0.81) | 1.05 *** (1.03–1.07) |
College and higher | 0.94 *** (0.91–0.97) | 1.18 *** (1.14–1.22) | 0.71 *** (0.70–0.73) | 1.06 *** (1.04–1.09) |
Marital Status | ||||
Never married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Currently married | 3.74 *** (3.64–3.85) | 1.79 *** (1.73–1.85) | 1.84 *** (1.81–1.87) | 1.32 *** (1.29–1.34) |
Others a | 3.64 *** (3.48–3.81) | 1.62 *** (1.55–1.71) | 1.95 *** (1.89–2.00) | 1.25 *** (1.21–1.29) |
Household Wealth Status | ||||
Poorest | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Poorer | 1.90 *** (1.83–1.97) | 1.76 ***(1.70–1.82) | 1.07 (1.06–1.09) | 1.10 (1.08–1.12) |
Middle | 3.01 *** (2.91–3.12) | 2.57 *** (2.48–2.66) | 1.15 (1.13–1.17) | 1.18 (1.16–1.21) |
Richer | 4.45 *** (4.30–4.60) | 3.58 *** (3.45–3.72) | 1.25 (1.22–1.28) | 1.28 (1.25–1.31) |
Richest | 6.70 *** (6.47–6.94) | 5.12 *** (4.92–5.33) | 1.39 (1.35–1.42) | 1.37 (1.34–1.41) |
Zone of Residence | ||||
North | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
North-East | 0.48 *** (0.46–0.50) | 0.86 *** (0.82–0.90) | 0.74 *** (0.71–0.78) | 0.83 *** (0.79–0.88) |
Central | 0.58 *** (0.56–0.60) | 0.90 *** (0.87–0.94) | 0.45 *** (0.43–0.47) | 0.50 *** (0.48–0.52) |
East | 0.48 *** (0.45–0.50) | 0.90 *** (0.86–0.94) | 0.73 *** (0.70–0.77) | 0.83 *** (0.79–0.87) |
West | 0.72 *** (0.69–0.76) | 0.78 *** (0.75–0.81) | 0.28 *** (0.26–0.29) | 0.27 *** (0.25–0.28) |
South | 1.45 *** (1.39–1.51) | 1.47 *** (1.41–1.52) | 0.43 *** (0.41–0.45) | 0.40 *** (0.38–0.42) |
Place of Residence | ||||
Urban | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Rural | 0.40 *** (0.39–0.41) | 0.73 *** (0.71–0.75) | 0.83 *** (0.80–0.85) | 0.87 *** (0.84–0.90) |
Current Smoker/Tobacco use | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 0.78 *** (0.76–0.80) | 0.80 *** (0.78–0.82) | 0.95 *** (0.93–0.97) | 0.91 *** (0.90–0.93) |
Current Alcohol Consumption | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 0.87 *** (0.83–0.90) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) | 0.94 *** (0.91–0.96) | 1.05 ** (1.02–1.08) |
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Gupta, R.D.; Tamanna, N.; Siddika, N.; Haider, S.S.; Apu, E.H.; Haider, M.R. Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Indian Population: Findings from a Nationally Representative Study of 698,286 Participants. Epidemiologia 2023, 4, 163-172. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia4020017
Gupta RD, Tamanna N, Siddika N, Haider SS, Apu EH, Haider MR. Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Indian Population: Findings from a Nationally Representative Study of 698,286 Participants. Epidemiologia. 2023; 4(2):163-172. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia4020017
Chicago/Turabian StyleGupta, Rajat Das, Nowrin Tamanna, Nazeeba Siddika, Shams Shabab Haider, Ehsanul Hoque Apu, and Mohammad Rifat Haider. 2023. "Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Indian Population: Findings from a Nationally Representative Study of 698,286 Participants" Epidemiologia 4, no. 2: 163-172. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia4020017
APA StyleGupta, R. D., Tamanna, N., Siddika, N., Haider, S. S., Apu, E. H., & Haider, M. R. (2023). Obesity and Abdominal Obesity in Indian Population: Findings from a Nationally Representative Study of 698,286 Participants. Epidemiologia, 4(2), 163-172. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia4020017