Effect of GnRH Analog Therapy on Adult Height in Girls with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Adult Height of Patients with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty Receiving GnRHa
3. Adult Height in Patients with Slowly Progressive Central Precocious Puberty
4. Optimal Age at Which to Discontinue GnRHa Therapy for Central Precocious Puberty
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n | CA at Diagnosis (Years) | BA at Diagnosis (Years) | CA at End of Treatment (Years) | TH (cm) (SDS) | PAH (cm) (SDS) | AH (cm) (SDS) | AH-TH (cm) | AH-PAH (cm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kletter et al., 1994 [25] | 131 | 7.6 ± 0.13 | 10.9 ± 0.1 | n/a | 161.8 ± 0.7 | 155.9 | 157.9 ± 0.6 | −3.9 | 2.0 |
Oostdijk et al., 1996 [32] | 31 | 7.7 | 10.8 | 11.1 | 168.7 ± 6.4 | 158.2 ± 7.4 | 161.6 ± 7.0 (−1.08) | −7.1 | 3.4 |
Kauli et al., 1997 [24] | 48 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 12.5 ± 0.7 | 11.5± 0.5 | 157.7± 5.7 | 156.6± 6.7 | 159.6 ± 6.3 | 1.9 | 3.0 |
Bertelloni et al., 1998 [17] | 14 | 6.2 ± 1.8 | 9.6 ± 1.6 | n/a | 163.3 ± 6.2 | 153.5 ± 7.2 | 158.1 ± 5.2 | −5.2 | 4.6 |
Arrigo et al., 1999 [15] | 71 | 7.0 ± 1.3 | 9.8 ± 1.4 | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 161.5 ± 6.9 | 155.5 ± 7.0 | 158.4 ± 5.8 | −2.9 | 2.9 |
Carel et al., 1999 [20] | 58 | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 10.1 ± 1.5 | 11.2 ± 1.0 | 160.1 ± 4.4 | 156.4 ± 6.3 | 161.1 ± 5.9 (−2.5 ± 1.7) | 1.0 | 4.7 |
Heger et al., 1999 [22] | 50 | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 9.3 ± 2.5 | 11.0 ± 1.1 | 163.6 ± 6.2 (−0.7 ± 1.2) | 154.9 ± 9.6 (−2.4 ± 1.9) | 160.5 ± 8.0 (−1.3 ± 1.6) | −2.0 | 5.7 |
Léger et al., 2000 [28] | 9 | 8.7 ± 0.4 | 11.1 ± 0.4 | 10.8 ± 0.6 | 159.8 ± 4.6 | 155.3 ± 5.6 | 160.2 ± 6.7 | 0.4 | 4.9 |
Partsch et al., 2000 [33] | 52 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 9.3 ± 0.3 | 11.1 ± 1.1 | 164 | 154.9 ± 9.6 | 160.6 ± 8.0 | −3.4 | 5.7 |
Klein et al., 2001 [9] | 80 | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 10.0 ± 2.7 | 11.1 ± 1.0 | 163.7 ± 5.6 | 149.3 ± 9.6 (2.8 ± 1.2) | 159.8 ± 7.6 (−0.6 ± 1.2) | −3.9 | 10.5 |
Adan et al., 2002 [14] | 43 | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 10.3 ± 1.3 | 10.8 ± 0.7 | 161.2 ± 0.7 | 156 ± 1.2 | 159 ± 5.3 | −1.7 | 3.5 |
Bajpai et al., 2002 [16] | 30 | 6.5 ± 1.8 | 10.1 ± 1.6 | 10.2 ± 2.5 | 154.7 ± 6.1 | 143.4 ±8.3 | 149.8 ± 6.9 | −4.9 | 6.4 |
Tanaka et al., 2005 [36] | 63 | 7.7 ± 2.2 | 10.2 ± 1.5 | 11.6 ± 1.4 | 154.9 ± 4.6 (−0.61 ± 0.91) | 151.1 ± 7.3 | 154.5 ± 5.7 (−0.67 ± 1.13) | −0.1 | 3.4 |
Brito et al., 2008 [19] | 45 | 7.3 ± 2.0 | 10.6 ± 2.2 | 10.7 ± 0.8 | 157.5 ± 4.5 (−0.8 ± 0.7) | 151.5 ± 9.7 | 155.3 ± 6.9 (−1.2 ± 1) | −2.2 | 3.7 |
Pasquino et al., 2008 [34] | 87 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 11.1 ± 1.6 | 12.6 ± 1.0 | 157.6 ± 4.7 | 154.2 ± 5.2 | 159.8 ± 5.3 | 2.2 | 5.6 |
Nabhan et al., 2008 [31] | 26 | 7.2 ± 2.0 | 10.1 ± 2.2 | 10.9 ± 1.2 | 164.0 ± 5.7 | 158.5 ± 6.8 | 163 ± 7.6 | −1.0 | 4.5 |
Lee et al., 2011 [27] | 29 | 7.3 ± 1.9 | 10.2 ± 2.1 | n/a | 163.8 | 157.4 | 162.5 | −1.3 | 5.1 |
Poomthavorn et al., 2011 [35] | 47 | 8.5 ± 1.0 | 11.1 ± 1.7 | 11.8 ± 1.0 | 155.8 ± 4.1 | 155.3 ± 6.7 | 158.6 ± 5.2 | 2.8 | 3.3 |
Gillis et al., 2013 [21] | 23 | 8.4 ± 0.3 | 10.4 ± 0.4 | 11.7 | 160.8 ± 0.8 (−0.5 ± 0.13) | 155.2 ± 1.9 | 157.9 ± 1.7 | −0.9 | 2.7 |
Jung et al., 2014 [23] | 59 | 8.7 ± 0.8 | 10.2 ± 1.6 | 10.6 ± 0.8 | 159.9 ± 3.5 | 156.6 ± 4.0 | 160.4 ± 4.2 | 0.5 | 3.8 |
Bertelloni et al., 2015 [18] | 12 | 7.9 ± 0.6 | 10.6 ± 0.9 | n/a | 159.7 ± 3.8 | 155.0 ± 3.5 | 157.1 ± 4.9 | −2.6 | 2.1 |
Liang et al., 2015 [29] | 17 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 9.2 ± 0.3 | n/a | 158.3 ± 0.9 | 161.6 ± 0.9 | 159.8 ± 1.2 | 1.5 | −1.8 |
Lin et al., 2017 [30] | 87 | 8.9 ± 1.2 | 10.6 ± 0.7 | n/a | 157.3 ± 3.7 | 159.8 ± 7.1 | 160.0 ± 5.4 | 3.6 | 1.1 |
Knific et al., 2022 [26] | 48 | 7.3 ± 1.8 | 8.2 ± 1.9 (1.97) | 10.1 ± 0.9 | 164.8 ± 7.0 (−0.34) | 162.7 ± 5.6 (0.17) | 161.5 ± 7.5 (−0.38) | −1.4 (−0.24) | −3.5 (−0.56) |
n | CA at Diagnosis (Years) | TH (cm) | PAH (cm) | AH (cm) | AH-TH (cm) | AH-PAH (cm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kletter et al, 1994 [25] | 131 | 7.6 ± 0.13 | 161.8 ± 0.7 | 155.9 | 157.9 ± 0.6 | −3.9 | 2.0 |
17 | <6 years 4.7 ± 0.3 | 164.5 ± 1.4 | n/a | 160.4 ± 1.8 | −4.1 | n/a | |
114 | >6 years 8.1 ± 0.1 | 161.4 ± 0.6 | n/a | 157.5 ± 0.6 | −3.9 | n/a | |
Partsch et al, 2000 [33] | 52 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 164 | 154.9 ± 9.6 | 160.6 ± 8.0 | −3.4 | 5.7 |
<6 years 5.0 ± 0.35 | 162.4 ± 1.1 | 152.1 ± 2.2 | 161.6 ± 1.43 | −0.8 | 9.6 | ||
>6 years 7.8 ± 0.18 | 165.3 ± 1.4 | 157.7 ± 1.8 | 159.4 ± 1.75 | −5.9 | 1.7 | ||
Klein et al, 2001 [9] | 80 | 5.4 ± 1.9 | 163.7 ± 5.6 | 149.3 ± 9.6 | 159.8 ± 7.6 | −3.9 | 10.5 |
<6 years n/a | 164.5 ± 5.9 | n/a | 162.1 ± 7.0 | −2.4 | 14.5 | ||
>6 years n/a | n/a | 151.1 ± 8.6 | 157.9 ± 7.6 | n/a | 6.8 | ||
Lazar et al, 2007 [37] | 60 | <6 years 6.4 ± 1.2 | 159.3 ± 5.0 | 154.6 ± 6.6 | 162.8 ± 5.0 | 3.1 | 8.2 |
>6 years 7.5 ± 0.6 | 157.8 ± 5.2 | 153.7 ± 6.7 | 157.9 ± 5.1 | 4.2 | 0.1 | ||
Vuralli et al, 2020 [5,38] | 23 | <6 years 5.4 ± 0.6 | −0.7 ± 0.9 (SD) | −2.6 ± 1.1 (SD) | −0.6 ± 0.8 (SD) | 0.6 (SD) | 2.0 (SD) |
45 | >6 years 6.5 ± 0.9 | −0.9 ± 0.7 (SD) | −1.7 ± 0.8 (SD) | −0.7 ± 0.9 (SD) | 0.2 (SD) | 1.0 (SD) |
n | CA at Diagnosis (Years) | TH (cm) | PAH (cm) | AH (cm) | AH-TH (cm) | AH-PAH (cm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paul et al., 1995 [42] | Treated | 26 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 160.5 ± 6.6 | −1.0 * | n/a |
Untreated | 116 | n/a | n/a | n/a | 152.7 ± 8.6 | −2.4 * | n/a | |
Kauli et al., 1997 [24] | Treated | 48 | 8.3 ± 1.5 | 157.7 ± 5.7 | 156.6 ± 6.7 | 159.6 ± 6.3 | 1.9 | 3.0 |
Untreated | 28 | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 159.3 ± 6.1 | n/a | 155.5 ± 7.5 | −3.8 | n/a | |
Carel et al., 1999 [20] | Treated | 58 | 6.3 ± 1.6 | 160.1 ± 4.4 | 156.4 ± 6.3 | 161.1 ± 5.9 | 1.0 | 5.1 |
Untreated | 86 | 5.3 ± 1.9 | n/a | n/a | 152.3 ± 7.6 | n/a | n/a | |
Cassio et al., 1999 [41] | Treated | 20 | 8.5 ± 0.6 | 157.0 ± 5.2 | n/a | 158.1 ± 6.2 | 1.1 | n/a |
Untreated | 18 | 8.4 ± 0.5 | 158.5 ± 4.2 | n/a | 158.6 ± 6.0 | 0.1 | n/a | |
Antoniazzi et al., 2002 [39] | Treated | 15 | 9.8 ± 1.0 | 157.6 ± 5.9 | n/a | 160.6 ± 5.7 | 3.0 | n/a |
Untreated | 10 | 9.6 ± 2.2 | 156.4 ± 1.3 | n/a | 149.6 ± 6.3 | −6.8 | n/a | |
Magiakou et al., 2010 [40] | Treated | 33 | 7.9 | 158.8 | 158.2 | 158.5 | −0.3 | 0.4 |
Untreated | 14 | 7.95 | 161.2 | 160.2 | 161.5 | 0.3 | 1.5 | |
Vuralli et al., 2020 [5] | Treated ≦6.4 y 6.4–8.3 y ≧8.3 y | |||||||
23 | 5.2 ± 0.6 | −0.7 ± 0.9 * | −2.6 ± 1.1 | −0.6 ± 0.8 * | 0.6 ± 0.6 * | −0.6 ± 0.8 * | ||
45 | 6.5 ± 0.9 | −0.9 ± 0.7 * | −1.7 ± 0.8 * | −0.7 ± 0.9 * | 0.2 ± 0.8 * | −0.7 ± 0.9 * | ||
15 | 7.8 ± 0.5 | −0.8 ± 0.6 * | −1.6 ± 0.7 * | −1.0 ± 0.7 * | −0.5 ± 0.4 * | −1.0 ± 0.7 * | ||
Untreated | 18 | 7.5 ± 0.8 | −0.6 ± 0.7 * | −1.5 ± 0.9 * | −0.9 ± 1.0 * | −0.3 ± 0.7 * | 0.7 ± 0.6 * |
Criterion | Progressive Precocious Puberty | Slowly Progressive Precocious Puberty (Referred to as Slowly Progressive Central Precocious Puberty) |
---|---|---|
Clinical | ||
Progression through pubertal stages | Progression from one stage to the next in 3–6 mo | Stabilization or regression of pubertal signs |
Growth velocity | Accelerated (> about 6 cm per year) | Usually normal for age |
Bone age advancement | Usually advanced by at least 1 year | Usually within 1 year of chronological age |
Predicted adult height | Below target height range or declining in serial determinations | Within target height range |
Hormone level | ||
Estradiol | Usually measurable estradiol level with advancing pubertal development | Estradiol not detectable or close to the detection limit |
LH peak after GnRH | In the pubertal range | In the pubertal range |
n | CA at Diagnosis (Years) | BA (Years) | Menarche (Age) | TH (cm) | AH (cm) | AH-TH (cm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brauner et al., 1994 [49] | 15 | 7.9 | 9.4 | 10.4 | 161 | 162 | 1 |
Kletter et al., 1994 [25] | 66 | 7.6 | 10.1 | n/a | 161.2 | 161.5 | 0.3 |
Bar et al., 1995 [48] | 20 | 5.6 | 8.4 | 10.5 | 163.8 | 161.4 | −2.4 |
Palmert et al., 1999 [10] | 16 | 5.5 | 7.9 | 11 | 164 | 165.5 | 1.5 |
Leger et al., 2000 [28] | 17 | 7.4 | 9.2 | 11.9 | 161.3 | 160.7 | −0.7 |
Magiakou et al., 2010 [40] | 14 | 7.9 | 10.8 | n/a | 161.2 | 161.5 | 0.3 |
Allali et al., 2011 [47] | 52 | 8 | 9.1 | n/a | 159.3 | 156.5 | −2.8 |
Knific et al., 2022 [26] | 15 | 8.75 | 11.01 | 9.5 | 163.5 | 161 | −2.5 |
Recommended BA at End of Treatment (Years) | Reason | |
---|---|---|
Brauner et al., 1994 [49] | 12.5 | Patients had an AH well below the predicted AH at treatment discontinuation after achieving a final bone age of 11–12 years. Growth after the completion of treatment negatively correlated with CA. |
Oostdijk et al., 1996 [32] | 12.0–12.5 | Residual growth potential was greater before the age of 12–12.5 years. |
Ohyama et al., 1998 [51] | 12.0 | Height SDS per BA decreased after BA 12 years. |
Bertelloni et al., 1998 [17] | 11.5 | AH was significantly greater when BA after termination was 11.5 years or less compared to 12 years or more. |
Arrigo et al., 1999 [15] | 12–12.5 | Patients who ended treatment with a BA of 12 to 12.5 years had the highest AH. |
Carel et al., 2008 [2] | 11.0 | AH correlated with post-treatment growth, which in turn correlated negatively with BA and CA at the start of treatment. |
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Saito, R.; Hasegawa, Y. Effect of GnRH Analog Therapy on Adult Height in Girls with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty. Endocrines 2025, 6, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines6020016
Saito R, Hasegawa Y. Effect of GnRH Analog Therapy on Adult Height in Girls with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty. Endocrines. 2025; 6(2):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines6020016
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaito, Reiko, and Yukihiro Hasegawa. 2025. "Effect of GnRH Analog Therapy on Adult Height in Girls with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty" Endocrines 6, no. 2: 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines6020016
APA StyleSaito, R., & Hasegawa, Y. (2025). Effect of GnRH Analog Therapy on Adult Height in Girls with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty. Endocrines, 6(2), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/endocrines6020016