Metals, n-Alkanes, Hopanes, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Sediments from Three Amazonian Streams Crossing Manaus (Brazil)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sample Collection
2.2. Chemicals and Reagents
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. Extract Fractionation
2.5. Gas Chromatography Analysis
2.6. Metal Determination
2.7. Quantification and Quality Control
3. Results
3.1. Grain Size Distribution
3.2. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
3.3. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
3.4. Metals
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total n-Alkanes µg g−1 | CPI | C30 αβ/ββ | C31 αβ S/(S + R) | C32 αβ S/(S + R) | C33 αβ S/(S + R) | C34 αβ S/(S + R) | C35 αβ S/(S + R) | Total PAHs ng g−1 | Fl (Fl + Py) | BaA (BaA + Ch) | BaA Ch | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | 2.26 | 0.96 | 1.15 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 351.69 | 0.76 | 0.33 | 0.49 |
M2 | 1.55 | 0.99 | 1.12 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 248.95 | 0.80 | 0.29 | 0.41 |
M3 | 2.41 | 0.94 | 1.23 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.60 | 0.59 | 259.09 | 0.73 | 0.28 | 0.39 |
M4 | 4.04 | 1.03 | 1.18 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 352.31 | 0.76 | 0.30 | 0.43 |
M5 | 4.74 | 1.26 | 1.22 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.63 | 441.58 | 0.71 | 0.23 | 0.30 |
M6 | 3.02 | 1.08 | 1.56 | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 118.95 | 0.75 | 0.27 | 0.38 |
M7 | 2.83 | 0.95 | 1.14 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 200.60 | 0.75 | 0.34 | 0.51 |
M8 | 2.43 | 0.99 | 1.33 | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 152.00 | 0.76 | 0.32 | 0.48 |
M9 | 3.05 | 1.06 | 1.25 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 230.18 | 0.76 | 0.37 | 0.59 |
Q1 | 3.68 | 0.93 | 1.25 | 0.53 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.57 | 249.82 | 0.73 | 0.41 | 0.69 |
Q2 | 3.81 | 1.22 | 1.32 | 0.51 | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 234.70 | 0.73 | 0.40 | 0.67 |
Q3 | 1.13 | 0.99 | 1.18 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 240.93 | 0.75 | 0.37 | 0.67 |
Q4 | 4.84 | 0.94 | 1.18 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 209.63 | 0.75 | 0.40 | 0.58 |
Q5 | 1.98 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 0.53 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 227.39 | 0.77 | 0.36 | 0.66 |
Q6 | 6.49 | 1.27 | 1.47 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 380.12 | 0.56 | 0.16 | 0.56 |
T1 | 3.25 | 0.92 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 181.57 | 0.74 | 0.41 | |
T2 | 2.60 | 0.95 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 93.58 | 0.68 | 0.39 | 0.70 |
T3 | 3.76 | 0.89 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 106.09 | 0.76 | 0.44 | 0.65 |
T4 | 3.39 | 0.93 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 187.05 | 0.78 | 0.43 | 0.77 |
T5 | 2.97 | 0.85 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 108.94 | 0.72 | 0.42 | 0.76 |
T6 | 2.59 | 0.86 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 64.86 | 0.67 | 0.42 | 0.73 |
T7 | 4.56 | 0.90 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 72.57 | 0.61 | 0.37 | 0.72 |
T8 | 2.23 | 1.05 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 55.18 | 0.59 | 0.42 | 0.58 |
T9 | 10.51 | 1.06 | 3.29 | 0.48 | 0.66 | 0.60 | - | - | 123.65 | 0.73 | 0.41 | 0.71 |
T10 | 4.72 | 1.05 | 3.29 | 0.50 | 0.56 | 0.67 | 0.58 | 0.69 | 147.58 | 0.79 | 0.43 | 0.69 |
T11 | 4.99 | 0.93 | 2.18 | 0.52 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.68 | 0.53 | 196.81 | 0.80 | 0.41 | 0.74 |
Samples | Cr | Mn | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ag | Cd | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1 | 3.62 ± 0.06 | 4.21 ± 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 5.55 ± 0.05 | 18.38 ± 0.41 | 0.69 | 0.19 ± 0.003 | 1.61 ± 0.03 |
M2 | 6.53 ± 0.12 | 8.63 ± 0.16 | 0.20 | 1.61 ± 0.03 | 9.66 ± 0.09 | 32.83 ± 0.73 | 0.95 | 0.39 ± 0.006 | 3.72 ± 0.07 |
M3 | 4.68 ± 0.08 | 5.57 ± 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 5.19 ± 0.05 | 17.42 ± 0.38 | 1.00 | 0.28 ± 0.004 | 2.54 ± 0.05 |
M4 | 4.89 ± 0.09 | 5.55 ± 0.11 | 0.17 | 1.11 ± 0.02 | 12.59 ± 0.12 | 23.60 ± 0.52 | 1.08 | 0.26 ± 0.004 | 2.15 ± 0.04 |
M5 | 11.84 ± 0.21 | 23.76 ± 0.45 | 0.51 | 3.96 ± 0.06 | 28.20 ± 0.27 | 113.09 ± 2.50 | 2.05 | 0.92 ± 0.02 | 10.32 ± 0.21 |
M6 | 3.08 ± 0.05 | 3.35 ± 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 3.85 ± 0.04 | 23.38 ± 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.19 ± 0.003 | 1.81 ± 0.04 |
M7 | 8.33 ± 0.15 | 11.60 ± 0.22 | 0.34 | 3.23 ± 0.05 | 17.11 ± 0.16 | 65.66 ± 1.45 | 1.31 | 0.56 ± 0.009 | 5.08 ± 0.10 |
M8 | 3.76 ± 0.07 | 3.81 ± 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.73 ± 0.01 | 41.64 ± 0.40 | 21.46 ± 0.47 | 0.88 | 0.19 ± 0.003 | 2.01 ± 0.04 |
M9 | 1.72 ± 0.03 | 1.49 ± 0.03 | 0.11 | 0.61 ± 0.01 | 2.68 ± 0.03 | 17.58 ± 0.39 | 0.60 | 0.12 ± 0.002 | 1.15 ± 0.02 |
Q1 | 3.56 ± 0.06 | 1.36 ± 0.03 | 0.38 | 12.31 ± 0.20 | 8.40 ± 0.08 | 39.99 ± 0.88 | 0.43 | 0.12 ± 0.002 | 1.29 ± 0.03 |
Q2 | 4.25 ± 0.08 | 2.04 ± 0.04 | 0.33 | 7.07 ± 0.12 | 7.29 ± 0.07 | 50.30 ± 1.11 | 0.78 | 0.13 ± 0.002 | 1.94 ± 0.04 |
Q3 | 3.99 ± 0.07 | 2.14 ± 0.04 | 0.44 | 12.63 ± 0.21 | 5.65 ± 0.05 | 41.06 ± 0.91 | 0.69 | 0.14 ± 0.002 | 1.72 ± 0.03 |
Q4 | 3.14 ± 0.06 | 1.11 ± 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.94 ± 0.02 | 4.27 ± 0.04 | 29.01 ± 0.64 | 0.47 | 0.16 ± 0.003 | 1.09 ± 0.02 |
Q5 | 1.36 ± 0.02 | 1.40 ± 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 7.94 ± 0.08 | 20.60 ± 0.46 | 0.40 | 0.09 ± 0.001 | 1.11 ± 0.02 |
Q6 | 37.54 ± 0.67 | 20.64 ± 0.39 | 0.76 | 29.26 ± 0.48 | 44.86 ± 0.43 | 174.86 ± 3.86 | 2.77 | 1.95 ± 0.03 | 17.85 ± 0.36 |
T1 | 0.50 ± 0.01 | 0.67 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.001 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 1.62 ± 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.02 ± 0.001 | 0.48 ± 0.01 |
T2 | 0.74 ± 0.01 | 0.54 ± 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.001 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 1.05 ± 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.02 ± 0.001 | 1.04 ± 0.02 |
T3 | 2.21 ± 0.04 | 1.53 ± 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.23 ± 0.004 | 0.63 ± 0.01 | 2.76 ± 0.06 | 0.59 | 0.11 ± 0.002 | 1.62 ± 0.03 |
T4 | 3.78 ± 0.07 | 2.54 ± 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.30 ± 0.005 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 1.71 ± 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.23 ± 0.004 | 1.93 ± 0.04 |
T5 | 2.52 ± 0.04 | 1.80 ± 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.31 ± 0.005 | 1.40 ± 0.01 | 7.16 ± 0.16 | 0.59 | 0.20 ± 0.003 | 3.00 ± 0.06 |
T6 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.12 ± 0.002 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 1.72 ± 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.03 ± 0.001 | 0.85 ± 0.02 |
T7 | 1.65 ± 0.03 | 0.86 ± 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 ± 0.001 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 1.95 ± 0.04 | 0.32 | 0.09 ± 0.001 | 0.65 ± 0.01 |
T8 | 1.30 ± 0.02 | 1.13 ± 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 ± 0.001 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 1.91 ± 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.06 ± 0.001 | 1.17 ± 0.02 |
T9 | 2.99 ± 0.05 | 1.61 ± 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.07 ± 0.001 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 2.24 ± 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.17 ± 0.003 | 1.46 ± 0.03 |
T10 | 1.80 ± 0.03 | 1.03 ± 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.09 ± 0.001 | 0.46 ± 0.01 | 2.27 ± 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.07 ± 0.001 | 1.25 ± 0.02 |
T11 | 2.72 ± 0.05 | 3.14 ± 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.14 ± 0.002 | 0.75 ± 0.01 | 3.77 ± 0.08 | 0.59 | 0.06 ± 0.001 | 2.98 ± 0.06 |
Recovery (%) | 84–94 | 71–79 | - | 80–85 | 83–89 | 78–85 | - | 91–95 | 82–86 |
CV (%) | 1.78 | 1.91 | - | 1.64 | 0.96 | 2.21 | - | 1.58 | 1.99 |
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de Melo, M.G.; de Castro, L.G.; Reis, L.A.; Costa, G.d.S.; Silva, F.M.A.d.; Bolson, M.A.; Chaar, J.d.S.; Koolen, H.H.F.; Sargentini Junior, É.; Bataglion, G.A. Metals, n-Alkanes, Hopanes, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Sediments from Three Amazonian Streams Crossing Manaus (Brazil). Chemistry 2020, 2, 274-292. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2020018
de Melo MG, de Castro LG, Reis LA, Costa GdS, Silva FMAd, Bolson MA, Chaar JdS, Koolen HHF, Sargentini Junior É, Bataglion GA. Metals, n-Alkanes, Hopanes, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Sediments from Three Amazonian Streams Crossing Manaus (Brazil). Chemistry. 2020; 2(2):274-292. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2020018
Chicago/Turabian Stylede Melo, Moacir G., Leonildo G. de Castro, Laís A. Reis, Gilcllys de S. Costa, Felipe M. A. da Silva, Marcos A. Bolson, Jamal da S. Chaar, Hector H. F. Koolen, Ézio Sargentini Junior, and Giovana A. Bataglion. 2020. "Metals, n-Alkanes, Hopanes, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Sediments from Three Amazonian Streams Crossing Manaus (Brazil)" Chemistry 2, no. 2: 274-292. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry2020018