Optimum Flight Height for the Control of Desert Locusts Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Site for the Experiment
2.2. Parameters for Spraying Pesticides Using a Drone
2.3. Data Management and Analysis of Optimum Droplet Density at Different Flight Heights
2.4. Efficacy of Metarhizium on Desert Locusts
3. Results
3.1. Variation in Droplet Density among Different Drone Flight Heights
3.2. Optimum ULV Spraying Heights Using a Drone
3.3. Effects of Drone Spraying Height on Mortality of Desert Locusts
3.4. Effects of Drone Spraying Height on Survival Rates of Desert Locusts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Flight Height (m) | Mean (±SE) Droplet Density |
---|---|
2.5 | 152.2 ± 24.8 b |
5.0 | 75.3 ± 11.1 a |
7.5 | 96.0 ± 29.4 ab |
10.0 | 40.2 ± 10.1 a |
12.5 | 24.8 ± 6.51 a |
F4,40 | 7.2 |
p-Value | 0.0002 |
Spray Heights | Mean Droplet Density | One Sample t-Test (Mu = 45 Droplets/cm2) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(m) | t-Value | Df | p-Value | |
2.5 | 152.2 ± 24.8 | 6.02 | 227 | 7.07 × 10−9 *** |
5.0 | 75.3 ± 11.1 | 3.63 | 289 | 0.0003 *** |
7.5 | 96.0 ± 29.4 | 2.07 | 369 | 0.039 * |
10.0 | 40.2 ± 10.1 | 1.03 | 308 | 0.304 |
12.5 | 24.8 ± 6.51 | 6.39 | 343 | 5.61 × 10−10 *** |
Stages of Desert Locusts | Drone Spraying Height (Metres above Ground Level) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.5 | 5.0 | 7.5 | 10.0 | 12.5 | F4,10 | p-Value | |
Third | 100.00 ± 0.00 cA | 100.00 ± 0.00 cA | 86.66 ± 6.67 bA | 80.00 ± 0.00 bB | 40.00 ± 0.00 aC | 68.50 | <0.0001 |
Fourth | 100.00 ± 0.00 cA | 86.66 ± 6.67 bcA | 86.66 ± 6.67 bcA | 73.33 ± 6.66 bB | 26.66 ± 6.67 aB | 22.74 | <0.0001 |
Adults | 100.00 ± 0.00 dA | 83.33 ± 8.33 cA | 75.00 ± 0.00 cA | 50.01 ± 0.00 bA | 0.00 ± 0.00 aA | 109.00 | <0.0001 |
F2,6 | 1.22 | 2.04 | 1.53 | 16.73 | 27.97 | ||
p-value | 1.00 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.0035 | 0.0009 |
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Ochieng’, V.; Rwomushana, I.; Ong’amo, G.; Ndegwa, P.; Kamau, S.; Makale, F.; Chacha, D.; Gadhia, K.; Akiri, M. Optimum Flight Height for the Control of Desert Locusts Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Drones 2023, 7, 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7040233
Ochieng’ V, Rwomushana I, Ong’amo G, Ndegwa P, Kamau S, Makale F, Chacha D, Gadhia K, Akiri M. Optimum Flight Height for the Control of Desert Locusts Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). Drones. 2023; 7(4):233. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7040233
Chicago/Turabian StyleOchieng’, Violet, Ivan Rwomushana, George Ong’amo, Paul Ndegwa, Solomon Kamau, Fernadis Makale, Duncan Chacha, Kush Gadhia, and Morris Akiri. 2023. "Optimum Flight Height for the Control of Desert Locusts Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)" Drones 7, no. 4: 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones7040233