Hand-Arm Vibrations’ Association with Myocardial Infarction †
1
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, Umea University, 90737 Umea, Sweden
2
Institute of Environmental Medicine, IMM, Karolinska Institute, 11365 Stockholm, Sweden
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 15th International Conference on Hand-Arm Vibration, Nancy, France, 6–9 June 2023.
Proceedings 2023, 86(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023086004
Published: 6 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 15th International Conference on Hand-Arm Vibration)
Abstract
:This study found no association between exposure to hand-arm vibrations (HAV) and myocardial infarction. Data was gathered from the Swedish National Cohort on Work and Health and consists of all individuals born in Sweden from 1930 to 1990, with demographic, occupational, and MI data available between 1968 and 2017. All workers in Sweden with an occupational code between 1985 and 2013 were matched to the job-exposure matrix on occupational exposures. The model was adjusted for demographic data and other occupational exposures. The hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval was 1.01 (0.92–1.11) for those exposed above the daily equivalent HAV level of 5 m/s2.
1. Introduction
Cardiovascular disease may be deadly or greatly affect people’s lives, and one of the most important subgroups is ischemic heart disease, where myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common diagnosis. Many occupational exposures may affect the risk of MI, but less is known of Hand-Arm Vibrations (HAV) effect on this disease [1,2]. Experimental studies have found acute effects of HAV on heart rate variability [3]. Epidemiological studies on HAV effects on ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarction are few [4,5]. Miners exposed to HAV had a higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease and an increased risk of MI when exposed to HAV and WBV [4,5]. The SWE-JEM project has developed job-exposure matrices (JEM) on common occupational exposures, including HAV, to be used for studies on HAV exposure and its effect on the risk of myocardial infarction. This paper studied the association between HAV exposure and the risk of first-time myocardial infarction, with adjustment for other occupational exposures.
2. Materials and Methods
This study gathered data from the Swedish National Cohort on Work and Health (SNOW), created using Swedish registers. SNOW consists of all individuals born in Sweden from 1930 to 1990 and living in Sweden between 1968 and 2017, with demographic, occupational, and MI data available between 1968 and 2017. All workers in Sweden with an occupational code between 1985 and 2013 were matched to job-exposure matrix on HAV and other occupational exposures known to affect the risk of MI. Every participant’s occupation has been coded according to the occupational classifications of the National Labour Market Board (Arbetsmarknadsstyrelsens yrkesklassificering). The occupational classification code is built on the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88-code system) and has been described elsewhere [6]. The classification of occupations used was FOB 1980, 1985, 1990 (FOB 80 and FOB 85), and SSYK 96 and SSYK 12. Each code for every classification was given the calculated eight hour daily equivalent HAV exposure level A(8). The A(8) value was calculated from the HAV exposure from hand-held vibrating machines used by workers in each occupation and the daily duration of operating each machine according to international standard ISO 5349-1. All HAV exposure levels were calculated or gathered from earlier measurements and calculations from vibration databases, measurement reports, and scientific articles (N = 90). The A(8) exposure was categorised as 0 m/s2 or no HAV exposure, above 0 up to 1 m/s2, above 1 up to 2.5 m/s2, above 2.5 up to 5 m/s2 and above 5 m/s2. In the SWE-JEM project, a JEM for occupational noise, demands, decision authority, physical workload index, and chemical/particle exposures has been constructed and used in the analysis. The chemical and particle exposures included were carbon monoxide, diesel exhaust, oil mist, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pulp and paper particles, silica, and welding fumes. Information on MI was gathered from the national patient registry and coded using the International Classification of Diseases, 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th revisions (ICD-7, ICD-8, ICD-9, and ICD-10).
In the analysis, we first constructed a model of HAV exposure and MI, adjusting for year, age, gender, income, country of birth, and marital status. The second model also adjusted for occupational exposure to noise, demands, decision authority, physical workload index, and chemical exposure. The hazard ratio and a 95% confidence interval were calculated.
3. Results
Characteristics of the SNOW cohort in 2010 are gathered in Table 1. In 2010, the SNOW cohort had a total of 3,450,962 individuals (1,819,455 males/1,721,590 females), with an age median of 44 (51.4 males/48.6 females) included. Most individuals were born in Sweden (3,093,677, 87.4%) or the rest of Europe (7.3%). There were 1,921,575 individuals not married or in a registered partnership and 1,921,575 married or in a registered partnership. There were 157,510 males and 6208 females HAV exposed above <2.5 m/s2.
The hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) in the first model was above one unit for any exposure to HAV (HR 1.08–1.22) (Table 2). In the second model, also adjusted for occupational exposures, the HR and 95% CI were 0.91 (0.88–0.95) for those exposed above the action value of >2.5–5 m/s2 and 1.01 (0.92–1.11) for those exposed above 5 m/s2, respectively (Table 2).
4. Discussion
This study found no association between exposure to hand-arm vibrations (HAV) and a first-time myocardial infarction one year later. A JEM on HAV and other occupational exposures within the SWE-JEM project was used to adjust for other occupational exposures that may be associated with MI. By using a JEM, this study was able to gather a large number of individuals over several decades to study the risk of a first-time MI.
Author Contributions
Conceptualisation, H.P., C.L. and J.S.; methodology, H.P., J.S. and C.L.; software, J.S.; validation, J.S., C.L. and H.P.; formal analysis, C.L., J.S. and H.P.; investigation, H.P., C.L. and J.S.; resources, J.S.; data curation, J.S.; writing—original draft preparation, H.P. and C.L.; writing—review and editing, H.P., J.S. and C.L.; visualisation, C.L.; supervision, J.S.; project administration, J.S.; funding acquisition, J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by the AFA Insurance in Sweden (Grant number: 160361).
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethical Review Board in Stockholm (Protocol code: 2018/1298-31/2).
Informed Consent Statement
Subjects consent was waived due to the use of Swedish public register data, which allows universities in Sweden to do their own evaluation regarding consent and use of data without consent from subjects if it will benefit the citizens.
Data Availability Statement
Information and data from the job-exposure matrix used will be available from February 2023 on the Karolinska Institute homepage.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the support of Bodil Björ at the Occupational and Environmental Medicine in the Region Västerbotten in Umeå, Sweden, for the construction of the JEM.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analysis, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
References
- Skogstad, M.; Johannessen, H.A.; Tynes, T.; Mehlum, I.S.; Nordby, K.C.; Lie, A. Systematic review of the cardiovascular effects of occupational noise. Occup. Med. 2016, 66, 10–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Theorell, T.; Jood, K.; Järvholm, L.S.; Vingård, E.; Perk, J.; Östergren, P.O.; Hall, C. A systematic review of studies in the contributions of the work environment to ischaemic heart disease development. Eur. J. Public Health 2016, 26, 470–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Björ, B.; Burström, L.; Karlsson, M.; Nilsson, T.; Näslund, U.; Wiklund, U. Acute effects on heart rate variability when exposed to hand transmitted vibration and noise. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2007, 81, 193–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tamaian, L.-D.; Cocarla, A. Occupational exposure to vibration and ischemic heart disease. J. Occup. Health 1998, 40, 73–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Björ, B.; Burström, L.; Eriksson, K.; Jonsson, H.; Nathanaelsson, L.; Nilsson, T. Mortality from myocardial infarction in relation to exposure to vibration and dust among a cohort of iron-ore miners in Sweden. Occup. Environ. Med. 2010, 67, 154–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Selander, J.; Albin, M.; Rosenhall, U.; Rylander, L.; Lewné, M.; Gustavsson, P. Maternal Occupational Exposure to Noise during Pregnancy and Hearing Dysfunction in Children: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study in Sweden. Environ. Health Perspect. 2015, 124, 855–860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Table 1.
Characteristics of the cohort for working individuals by hand-arm vibration exposure included in the study for the year 2010.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the cohort for working individuals by hand-arm vibration exposure included in the study for the year 2010.
| Hand-Arm Vibration (m/s2) N (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Descriptive Data | Unexposed | >0–1 | >1–2.5 | >2.5–5 | >5 | |
| Age (median) | 44 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 43 | |
| Gender | Male | 1,266,881 (44.3) | 154,448 (63.5) | 240,616 (88.4) | 155,066 (96.2) | 2444 (94.4) |
| Female | 1,594,789 (55.7) | 88,913 (36.5) | 31,680 (11.6) | 6062 (3.8) | 146 (5.6) | |
| Country of birth | Sweden | 2,518,753 (88.0) | 184,705 (75.9) | 238,681 (87.7) | 149,063 (92.5) | 2475 (95.6) |
| Nordics | 72,582 (2.5) | 6709 (2.8) | 7703 (2.8) | 3358 (2.1) | 80 (3.1) | |
| Europe | 126,111 (4.4) | 23,170 (9.5) | 14,058 (5.2) | 5752 (3.6) | 24 (0.9) | |
| Rest of the world | 144,170 (5.0) | 28,758 (11.8) | 11,844 (4.4) | 2955 (1.8) | 11 (0.4) | |
| Martial Status | Married or in a partnership * | 1,352,696 (47.3) | 100,035 (41.2) | 101,424 (37.3) | 59,707 (37.1) | 848 (32.8) |
| Not married or in a partnership * | 1,505,054 (52.7) | 142,950 (58.8) | 170,555 (62.7) | 101,278 (62.9) | 1738 (67.2) | |
* Registered partnership.
Table 2.
Association between occupational exposure to hand-arm vibration and first-time myocardial infarction one year later (Sweden, 1985–2013). Hazard Ratio (HR); 95% Confidence Interval (CI).
Table 2.
Association between occupational exposure to hand-arm vibration and first-time myocardial infarction one year later (Sweden, 1985–2013). Hazard Ratio (HR); 95% Confidence Interval (CI).
| Hand-Arm Vibrations (m/s2) | Exposed Cases | Model 1 a | Model 2 b |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 52,622 | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| >0–1 | 6524 | 1.13 (1.10–1.16) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) |
| >1–2.5 | 10,471 | 1.21 (1.19–1.24) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) |
| >2.5–5.0 | 5258 | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | 0.91 (0.88–0.95) |
| >5.0 | 562 | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) |
a year, age, gender, income, country of birth, and marital status. b year, age, gender, income, country of birth, marital status, noise, decision authority, physical workload, carbon monoxide, diesel exhaust, oil mist, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pulp and paper particles, silica, welding fumes.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Pettersson, H.; Lissåker, C.; Selander, J. Hand-Arm Vibrations’ Association with Myocardial Infarction. Proceedings 2023, 86, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023086004
AMA Style
Pettersson H, Lissåker C, Selander J. Hand-Arm Vibrations’ Association with Myocardial Infarction. Proceedings. 2023; 86(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023086004
Chicago/Turabian StylePettersson, Hans, Claudia Lissåker, and Jenny Selander. 2023. "Hand-Arm Vibrations’ Association with Myocardial Infarction" Proceedings 86, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023086004
APA StylePettersson, H., Lissåker, C., & Selander, J. (2023). Hand-Arm Vibrations’ Association with Myocardial Infarction. Proceedings, 86(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023086004
