Herbal Industry Wastes as Potential Materials for Biofuel Production ^†

Abstract

Due to the increasing awareness of the depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental issues, biodiesel as alternative fuel has become more and more attractive in the recent years. In this research, the characterization of herbal industry wastes as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production was carried out. There results of analytical identification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained in the transesterification reaction are presented. The reaction conditions were optimized, considering hexane ratio and catalyst concentration (methanol and KOH) for both steps. The FAME were extracted from the herbal samples by ultrasound-assisted extraction and subsequently were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using single ion monitoring (SIM) method. Additionally, the selected properties of some bioesters were analyzed. This study determined the compounds which are ideal for fuel production. The unsaturated fatty acids were found in higher amounts than saturated fatty acids. Linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) was the major unsaturated fatty acid in herbal wastes, while palmitic acid (16:0) was the major saturated fatty acid. The application of the optimized method also revealed differences in the physical and chemical properties of isolated FAME mixtures compared to conventional diesel fuel. In this research work, for the first time, the possibilities of using the herbal industry wastes as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production are assessed.

1. Introduction

In the recent years, biodiesel production is one of the interesting alternative fuel which can be produced from renewable sources [1]. Conventional biodiesel mainly comes from soybean and vegetable oils [2], palm oil [3], sunflower oil [4], rapeseed oil [5] as well as restaurant waste oil [6]. One of the ways is the production of liquid fuel from herbal industry wastes. They are generated in the herbal production process, mainly during packing herbs. In Poland, there are many modern herbal companies, and some of them produce annually approximately30 tons of fine wastes biomass in the form of above-ground parts of the selected species of herbs [7]. The herbal industry wastes are currently used in the biogas [8] and pellet or briquette production [9], bioconversion into vermicompost [10] and food waste composting [11]. The aim of the research was to determine the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from herbal industry wastes. The analyzed FAME were extracted and synthesized through the optimized transesterification reaction. During the experiment, we also determined the selected physicochemical properties of pure FAME mixtures and their potential utility as a material source for biodiesel production.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. General

All chemicals used for transesterification reaction were of analytical grade and were purchased from Avantor Performance Materials (Gliwice, Poland). The solvents used for GC-MS analyses were of HPLC grade from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). The FAME mixture (Supelco 37 Component FAME Mix) was bought from Merck.

2.2. Transesterification Reaction

Samples (16 species of herbs) used in the experiment were obtained from herbal industries and they were in dried powder form. Plant material (0.5 g) was extracted with 0.5 mL of hexane (purity 99%) in the presence of 1% methanol-potassium hydroxide mixture (2 mL) as a catalyst. The extraction was assisted by an ultrasonic cleaning bath (Sonorex Digital 10P, Germany). The optimized extraction conditions were: Temperature 80 °C, time 60 min, power 10 × 10%. These reaction conditions were optimized according to the experimental design. The synthesis was conducted by the addition of 1 mL of hexane(purity 99%).

2.3. Analysis of Samples

The FAME were identified by a gas chromatograph (7890B GC System) with a mass selective detector MSD5977A (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) using single ion monitoring (SIM) method. This device was fitted with aHP-88capillary column (100 m × 0.25 mm, 0.20 µm, 5 in cag). Three replicates were performed for each sample. The selected properties (density, viscosity, kinematic viscosity, flash point, acid value, saponification value, moisture content, ash content, iodine value, free fatty acidic, melting point) of three samples with the highest concentration of isolated FAME mixture were also determined in terms of biofuel production.

3. Results and Discussion

The dominant fatty acids were palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1), oleic acid (18:1), linolelaidic acid (C18:2n6t), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c), linolenic acid (18:3), behenic acid (22:0) and nervonic acid (24:1), which are suitable for fuel production. Among them, C16:0 and C18:1 are the most ideal components of biodiesel. The total content of C16:0 in analyzed samples is greater than in castor [12], rapeseed and sunflower oils [13] (

Table 1. Fatty acid profile of herbal wastes and comparison with other biodiesel oils.

Oil	Herbalwastes	Castor [12]	Rapeseed [13]	Sunflower [13]
Fattyacidprofile, %
C16:0 palmitic	5.04	1.30	4.92	4.88
C18:0 stearic	0.73	1.22	1.63	4.78
C18:1 oleic	4.13	3.61	66.59	67.66
C18:2 linoleic	9.30	4.58	17.08	21.26
C18:3 linolenic	3.22	0.39	7.75	0.09

). The results also showed that the unsaturated fatty acid amount was greater than that of saturated fatty acids. The highest concentration of FAME was determined in rye bran (Secale cereale L.) (71.42 mg/g dw) (Figure 1), tea “Figure” (Senna alexandrina Miller) (23.49 mg/g dw) and roots of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) (17.65 mg/g dw). The analysis of these samples revealed differences in the physical and chemical characteristics, compared to conventional diesel fuel.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, the study showed that presented conditions of transesterification reaction could be used as an efficient technology for the biodiesel production from herbal industry wastes. The process was simple and generated a diverse range of FAME mixture with potential utility for biofuel production.