The Effects of Two Swimming Learning Programs on Children’s Psychophysiological Profile †
by
,
Konstantinos Papadimitriou
1,*
,
Athanasios Kabasakalis
1,
Vasilis Barkoukis
2,
Vasilis Mougios
1 and
Dimitris Loupos
1 1
Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
2
Human Studies and Recreation Sector, School of Physical Education and Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thermi, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 9th Greek Conference of Biochemistry and Physiology of Exercise, Thessaloniki, Greece, 18–20 October 2019.
†
Presented at the 9th Greek Conference of Biochemistry and Physiology of Exercise, Thessaloniki, Greece, 18–20 October 2019.
Proceedings 2019, 25(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019025024
Published: 2 September 2019
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 9th Conference of Biochemistry and Physiology of Exercise)
Abstract
:AIM: Salivary cortisol has been used in research for studying possible alterations in human mood after different types of exercise. Exercise intensity plays an important role in mood levels and salivary cortisol concentration. The purpose of the study was to find out if two swimming learning programs could affect the salivary cortisol concentration and the score of pleasure in children. MATERIAL & METHOD: Participants were 40 rookie swimmers, aged 9.0 ± 0.9 (mean ± SD). The children were divided into two groups, control (CG, n = 21) and experimental (EG, n = 19), who trained in a pool with a classic and an alternative swimming training program, respectively. Intervention duration was 8 weeks and the training took place 3 times per week. Measurements were taken in the 4th week, before and after a training session, when both groups provided 0.5 mL of saliva. Saliva samples were analyzed for cortisol through ELISA method. Before saliva sampling, the children answered a motivation questionnaire to find out the pleasure levels from participation in training. For the statistical analysis we used the Shapiro-Wilk test of normality, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures, and Mann-Whitney U test. Cortisol concentration and questionnaire scores were correlated through Spearman correlation analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. RESULTS: Salivary cortisol concentrations decreased in both groups with exercise (p = 0.001). Additionally, EG had higher concentrations than CG (p = 0.007). CG had higher scores than EG in the motivation questionnaire (p = 0.001). Moreover, pleasure scores correlated significantly with cortisol concentrations in CG (ρ =0.485, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Low-intensity swimming training targeting on fun lowers salivary cortisol concentration. The questionnaire revealed that young swimmers need the opportunity and time to understand that they are expressed through training to feel more pleasure with sport, especially in EG.
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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MDPI and ACS Style
Papadimitriou, K.; Kabasakalis, A.; Barkoukis, V.; Mougios, V.; Loupos, D. The Effects of Two Swimming Learning Programs on Children’s Psychophysiological Profile. Proceedings 2019, 25, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019025024
AMA Style
Papadimitriou K, Kabasakalis A, Barkoukis V, Mougios V, Loupos D. The Effects of Two Swimming Learning Programs on Children’s Psychophysiological Profile. Proceedings. 2019; 25(1):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019025024
Chicago/Turabian StylePapadimitriou, Konstantinos, Athanasios Kabasakalis, Vasilis Barkoukis, Vasilis Mougios, and Dimitris Loupos. 2019. "The Effects of Two Swimming Learning Programs on Children’s Psychophysiological Profile" Proceedings 25, no. 1: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019025024
