A Qualitative Analysis of the Perceptions of Stakeholders Involved in Vector Control and Vector-Borne Disease Research and Surveillance in Orinoquia, Colombia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Sample Characteristics
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Involvement in Vector Control
“The Entomology group (that is part of the Departmental Health Secretaries) does the characterization. Let’s say we call it pre-intervention actions: characterize the vector, propose a control option and then the vector programme implements the actions and we also evaluate the impact of those actions.”—I2
“Control is done by the VBD group; they manage different tools such as education of the community, sensitizing the community, sensitizing health personnel…”—I5
“Our activity is based on detecting the trends of increase or decrease in order to be able to work in coordination with the prevention programme. Once the tendency to increase is detected, the manager of the promotion and prevention office is notified and he, with the vector control team, designs the intervention strategies.”—I1
“Sometimes, when the areas are very far away, what we do is take all the available supplies for control, this is ideal, and this is what happens many times. Other times, because there are no resources, we depend a lot on what the vector office at the Health Secretary gives us.”—I2
“We use these technologies with the Colombian army, in order to protect the soldiers in areas where leishmaniasis and malaria occur.”—I6
“…We need more resources and more research. We are working on it… I think that the vector control programmes haven’t failed, but the problem is the scale. At the university we are working to find common solutions to improve these control programmes…… We are working with the public and private sectors, not only in vector control but also in the correct diagnosis of patients.”—PD1
3.2. Limitations of Vector Control in Colombia
3.2.1. Delayed Responses to Vector Outbreaks
“We should already be doing actions prior to the outbreak, which unfortunately we spend as firefighters only putting out fires.”—I5
“(In some cases) we are seeing the reflection of the first cases in the November-December SIVIGILA and we are responding at the end of January, (then) intervening in March and April, so the opportunity for a response I would say is appalling.”—I2
“We know that the outbreak begins in the months of March or April because we are not already working to mitigate that outbreak. Ggenerally what we are doing is waiting for the outbreak to appear before we start intervening.”—PD1
3.2.2. Lack of Resources
“They prefer to give this money to do construction… (which indicates) that the governor or that the political leadership is doing something.”—I2
“The truth is, there are no resources assigned for research, despite the fact that there is money (and a need) to conduct research.”—I1
3.2.3. Administrative Discontinuity
“So, we need to make sure that each local state structure has a minimum of one person responsible for the training, and we need that this person being a public servant, not on the call of the government in power. Many of them have been working for many years, and there are reaching nearly the point of retirement. So, we need a least one person in each town, who is trained yearly.”—I11
“A staff member is on contract for six months, then a different employee comes. You have to adapt and get to know them, which does not generate any long-term engagements that allow you to implement organisational strategies.”—PD1
“The entomologists are very poorly linked; there are very few in administrative careers and a few in provisional staff, and there are many others that are on contracts. These contracts (may be) of three or six months, so many times when an outbreak appears there is no one to attend.”—PD1
“I teach someone to spray in the walls (with insectide to protect) against malaria during one year. The next year this guy is changed and you have to train again the new person that is coming into the vector control programme. And this is very difficult…”—I6
3.2.4. Communication between Institutions
“The INS provides the information for action; the MHSP sometimes only operates with general guidelines but does not conduct follow-up actions or does not survey the (impacts of the) actions implemented”—I12
3.2.5. Community Participation
“… specifically for diseases that are urbanized, the people see these events as very common diseases. This is reflected in the environmental control activities carried out. The people think that these diseases are inevitable.”—I12
“The attitude of the indigenous person towards care at the time they have their disease does not allow the outbreak to be controlled… The indigenous people (prefer to manage disease) with their natural medicine, and the cases are increasing every time.”—I5
“Almost all the ethnic groups that we have already have a way of practicing their own medicine, and the strategies that we use to bring them better health and prevention are not very well received.”—PD1
3.3. Participant Recommendations
3.4. Sustainable Actions within the Communities
“(To involve) indigenous communities in the strategies, it must start from within them; sometimes one has to impose actions of Western culture and this does not take into account their own particularities.”—PD1
“(We have to) understand people too. Not even many people, all people: mestizos, indigenas, afrocolombianos, all.”—I7
3.5. Strengthening the Support System
“What is required is a political will and… a strengthening of technical and operational capacity at the local, departmental and national level.”—PD1
“We would start from the central level, where there is a political union and there are suitable staff, with an interaction between country and territorial entities.”—I2
3.6. Information Consolidation
“Firstly, they need to have the information online. So, it could be on the internet at the right moment. Like the system we have for the vital registrations (births and deaths), so the analysis could be done in present time. Instead, at the moment we need to wait for the consolidation data and the analysis is behind.”—I11
3.7. Further Research and Education
“To propose a single, very difficult strategy, is to start improving from the academy, because it touches… those professionals who are only focused on patient care… Many times the medical doctors don’t think that they have to know about tropical diseases and mosquitoes.”—PD1
“I think through PQT-VC (WHO Prequalification Team: Vector Control Products) all companies should join to improve new formulations, new strategies, and also to cooperate with the governments, because this is technology transfer.”—I6
4. Discussion
4.1. Delayed Responses to Vector Outbreaks
4.2. Lack of Resources and Administrative Discontinuity
4.3. Communication between Organisations
4.4. Community Participation
4.5. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Interview Number | Place of Employment | Location |
---|---|---|
I1 | Public health surveillance group of the Departmental Secretary of Health (DSH) | Meta |
I2 | Departmental Secretary of Health | Guaviare |
I3 | Departmental Secretary of Health—Entomology Laboratory | Guaviare |
I4 | Departmental Secretary of Health—Entomology Laboratory | Meta |
I5 | Departmental Secretary of Health—Entomology Laboratory | Meta |
I6 | Vector & pest management private company | Bogotá |
I7 | Departmental Secretary of Health—Entomology Laboratory | Vichada |
I8 | Ministry of Health and Social Protection | Bogotá |
I9 | Expert advisor | Bogotá |
I10 | Universidad el Bosque | Bogotá |
I11 | National Institute of Health | Bogotá |
I12 | National Institute of Health | Bogotá |
Panel discussion 1 (PD1): The governmental entity, the private sector and higher education against arboviruses and their control | ||
Profession | Place of employment | Country |
Manager | Vectors & Pest Management | Colombia |
Entomologist PhD | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine | United Kingdom |
Entomologist specialist | Departmental Secretary of Health of Meta—entomology laboratory | Colombia |
MD. Medicine faculty dean | Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia | Colombia |
Biologist/entomologist PhD | Moderator | Colombia |
Panel discussion 3 (PD3): Role of the society in the control and prevention of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes | ||
Anthropologist | Departmental Secretary of Health of Meta | Colombia |
Anthropologist | Departmental Secretary of Health of Meta | Colombia |
Environmental engineer | Departmental Secretary of Health of Guaviare—Entomology laboratory | Colombia |
MD—public health PhD | Moderator | Colombia |
Category | Definition | Subcategories (Pre-Defined and Emerging) |
---|---|---|
Involvement in vector control | Process of vector control actions Types of tools Effectiveness of surveillance system | |
Context (political) Management and Financing Data sharing Data source integration Implementation of interventions Type of outbreak response Sustainability of actions | ||
Institutions involved in vector control Joint work between institutions and community | ||
Limitation of vector control | Innovative interventions Vector biology Vector behaviour Integration of information | |
Participant recommendations of vector control | Recommendations developed based on expert opinion |
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Jaramillo-Ramirez, G.I.; Tacugue, M.C.; Power, G.M.; Qureshi, R.; Seelig, F.; Quintero, J.; Logan, J.G.; Jones, R.T. A Qualitative Analysis of the Perceptions of Stakeholders Involved in Vector Control and Vector-Borne Disease Research and Surveillance in Orinoquia, Colombia. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9, 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020043
Jaramillo-Ramirez GI, Tacugue MC, Power GM, Qureshi R, Seelig F, Quintero J, Logan JG, Jones RT. A Qualitative Analysis of the Perceptions of Stakeholders Involved in Vector Control and Vector-Borne Disease Research and Surveillance in Orinoquia, Colombia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2024; 9(2):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020043
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaramillo-Ramirez, Gloria Isabel, Maria Claudelle Tacugue, Grace M. Power, Rimsha Qureshi, Frederik Seelig, Juliana Quintero, James G. Logan, and Robert T. Jones. 2024. "A Qualitative Analysis of the Perceptions of Stakeholders Involved in Vector Control and Vector-Borne Disease Research and Surveillance in Orinoquia, Colombia" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 2: 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020043