Molecular Prevalence and Subtypes Distribution of Blastocystis spp. in Humans of Latin America: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Selection of Studies
2.5. Data Extraction and Analysis
2.6. Quality Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Literature Search
3.2. Characteristics of Included Studies
3.3. Molecular Characteristics of the Selected Articles
3.4. Prevalence of Blastocystis spp. and Subtypes
4. Discussion
4.1. Epidemiology of Blastocystis spp. in Latin America
4.2. Protocols for Blastocystis spp. Molecular Analysis
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Reference | Collection Period | Group Studied | Age (Years) | Number of Repeat Samples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | Candela et al., 2021 [50] | 2018 | Aboriginal Communities | 1–87 | 1 |
Casero et al., 2015 [51] | NR | Patients (Urticaria) | 1–57 | 4 | |
Bolivia | Aruni Chura et al., 2021 [52] | 2019 | Schoolchildren | 8–9 | 1 |
Macchioni et al., 2016 [53] | 2013 | Rural Communities | 1–83 | NR | |
Macchioni et al., 2015 [54] | 2011 | Children | 2–12 | NR | |
Brazil | Bertozzo et al., 2022 [55] | 2018–2020 | Patients (Laboratory) | 0–88 | NR |
Cabrine-Santos et al., 2021 [56] | 2011–2012 | Patients (Laboratory) | 6–10 | NR | |
Melo et al., 2021 [57] | 2015–2016 | Patients (Diabetes Mellitus) | 18–89 | NR | |
Silva et al., 2020 [58] | 2011–2013 | Patients (Transplant) | 19–83 | NR | |
Melo et al., 2019 [59] | 2017–2018 | Patients (Urticaria) | 13–73 | NR | |
Oishi et al., 2019 [60] | 2014 | Schoolchildren | 0–15 | NR | |
Barbosa et al., 2018 [61] | 2013 | Agriculture Communities | 2–87 | 1–3 | |
Oliveira-Arbex et al., 2018 [62] | 2012–2013 | Children | 0–6 | NR | |
Seguí et al., 2018 [63] | 2015–2016 | General Public | 0–76 | NR | |
Barbosa et al., 2017 [64] | NR | Patients (Psychiatric Hospital) | 1–85 | NR | |
David et al., 2015 [65] | 2011–2013 | Poor Communities | 2–75 | 3 | |
Chile | Peña et al., 2020 [66] | 2017–2018 | Patients (Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome) | 27–44 | NR |
Colombia | García-Montoya, Galván-Díaz, and Alzate, 2023 [67] | NR | Children | <5 | NR |
Hernández et al., 2023 [68] | 2017 | Schoolchildren | 4–16 | 1 | |
Hernández et al., 2021 [69] | NR | Patients (Spondyloarthritis) | 18–65 | 1 | |
Osorio-Pulgarin et al., 2021 [70] | 2018–2019 | Children | 0–5 | NR | |
Castañeda et al., 2020 [71] | NR | Schoolchildren | 1–5 | NR | |
Higuera et al., 2020 [72] | NR | General Public | 1–70 | NR | |
Potes-Morales et al., 2020 [73] | 2017–2018 | General Public | NR | NR | |
Villamizar et al., 2019 [74] | NR | Schoolchildren | 1–5 | NR | |
Espinosa Aranzales et al., 2018 [75] | 2015–2016 | Pregnant Women | 14–43 | 1–2 | |
Ramírez et al., 2017 [76] | 2012–2013 | Children | 5–14 | NR | |
Sánchez et al., 2017 [77] | NR | Indigenous Children | 1–15 | NR | |
Ecuador | Helenbrook et al., 2015 [78] | 2011 | Rural Communities | NR | 1 |
Honduras | Naceanceno et al., 2020 [79] | NR | Children | 0–13 | 1 |
Mexico | Ramírez Pérez et al., 2020 [80] | 2018 | University Students | 19–21 | 3 |
Rojas-Velázquez et al., 2019 [81] | 2014 | General Public | 2–51 | NR | |
Nieves-Ramírez et al., 2018 [82] | 2014 | General Public | 10–53 | NR | |
Rojas-Velázquez et al., 2018 [83] | 2015 | General Public | 2–51 | 3 | |
Panama | Perea et al., 2020 [84] | 2017 | Children | 1–12 | 1 |
Perú | Ascuña-Durand et al., 2020 [85] | NR | General Public | 2–82 | NR |
Country | Reference | Concentration Method | DNA Extraction Method | Blastocystis-Specific SSU-rDNA Primers | Product Size (bp) | Amplification | STs | dST |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | Candela et al., 2021 [50] | Ritchie concentration technique | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 | ST3 |
Argentina | Casero et al., 2015 [51] | Formalin-ethyl acetate Hoffman sedimentation concentration technique | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | NR | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST6 | ST3 |
Bolivia | Aruni Chura et al., 2021 [52] | Kato–Katz | Faecal DNA kit (Bioline, UK) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 | ST1 |
Bolivia | Macchioni et al., 2016 [53] | Ridley concentration | NucleoSpin Tissue kit (Macherey-Nagel, Duren, Germany) | F1 R1 | 1100 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 | ST3 |
Bolivia | Macchioni et al., 2015 [54] | Ridley concentration | NucleoSpin Tissue kit (Macherey-Nagel, Duren, Germany) | F1 R1 | NR | PCR | ST2 ST9 | ST2 |
Brazil | Bertozzo et al., 2022 [55] | Centrifugation–sedimentation method | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST6 ST7 ST9 | ST3 |
Brazil | Cabrine-Santos et al., 2021 [56] | Ritchie concentration technique | Magnex DNA kit (Labtest Diagnóstica S.A., Minas Gerais, Brazil) | F1 R1 | 1100 | PCR-RFLP | ST1 ST2 ST3 | ST1 |
SSU907 F-BH SSU907 R-BH | 907 | |||||||
SSU850 F-BH SSU850 R-BH | 850 | |||||||
Brazil | Melo et al., 2021 [57] | Flotation zinc sulfate | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST6 ST7 ST8 | ST1 |
Brazil | Silva et al., 2020 [58] | Spontaneous sedimentation technique | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST7 | ST3 |
Brazil | Melo et al., 2019 [59] | Flotation zinc sulfate | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | NR | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST6 ST1 + ST3 | ST3 |
Brazil | Oishi et al., 2019 [60] | Ritchie concentration technique | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST1 + ST3 | ST3 |
Brazil | Barbosa et al., 2018 [61] | Spontaneous sedimentation technique Flotation-saturated sodium chloride solution Pavlova’s medium | Qiamp DNA Stool mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) | Blast 505–532 Blast 998–1017 | 500 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST8 | ST3 |
Brazil | Oliveira-Arbex et al., 2018 [62] | NR | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST7 | ST1 |
Brazil | Seguí et al., 2018 [63] | Ritchie concentration technique Kato–Katz | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST6 ST8 | ST3 |
Brazil | Barbosa et al., 2017 [64] | Spontaneous sedimentation technique Pavlova’s medium | Qiamp DNA Stool mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) | Blast 505–532 Blast 998–1017 | 500 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST1 + ST3 | ST3 |
Brazil | David et al., 2015 [65] | Flotation zinc sulfate | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST6 ST7 ST1 + ST3 ST3 + ST7 | ST3 |
Chile | Peña et al., 2020 [66] | PARA-PAK | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, MD, USA) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 | NR |
Colombia | García-Montoya, Galván-Díaz, and Alzate, 2023 [67] | Ritchie concentration technique | Norgen Stool DNA isolation kit (Norgen Biotek Corporation, Thorold, Canada) | 18S-V4F | NR | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST1 +ST3 | ST2 |
18S-V4R | ||||||||
Colombia | Hernández et al., 2023 [68] | Mini-parasep SF faecal parasite concentrator (DiaSys Ltd., Berkshire, UK) | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | Blast 505–532 Blast 998–1017 | 500 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST1 + ST2 ST1 + ST3 ST2 + ST5 ST3 + ST5 ST1 + ST2 + ST3 ST2 + ST3 + ST4 | ST2 |
Colombia | Hernández et al., 2021 [69] | Mini-parasep SF faecal parasite concentrator (DiaSys Ltd., Berkshire, UK) | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 Blasto18SR | 1722 | Semi-nested PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST6 | ST1 |
RD5 BhRDr | 600 | Nested PCR | ||||||
Colombia | Osorio-Pulgarin et al., 2021 [70] | Ritchie concentration technique | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | FWD F5 R F2 | NR | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST6 ST16 | ST3 |
RD5 BhRDr | ||||||||
Colombia | Castañeda et al., 2020 [71] | Ritchie concentration technique Kato–Katz | Norgen Stool DNA isolation kit (Norgen Biotek Corporation, Thorold, ON, Canada) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | NR | NR |
Colombia | Higuera et al., 2020 [72] | NR | Norgen Stool DNA isolation kit (Norgen Biotek Corporation, Thorold, ON, Canada | RD5 BhRDr | NR | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST8 ST9 | ST1 |
FWD F5 R F2 | ||||||||
Colombia | Potes-Morales et al., 2020 [73] | Flotation zinc sulfate | Phenol-chloroform isoamyl alcohol | b11400ForC b11710RevC | 310 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 | ST1 |
Colombia | Villamizar et al., 2019 [74] | Ritchie concentration technique Kato–Katz | Norgen Stool DNA isolation kit (Norgen Biotek Corporation, Thorold, ON, Canada) | RD5 BhRDr | NR | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 | ST3 |
Colombia | Espinosa Aranzales et al., 2018 [75] | Formol-ethyl technique | Norgen Stool DNA isolation kit (Norgen Biotek Corporation, Thorold, ON, Canada) | FWD F5 R F2 | NR | qPCR | NR | NR |
Colombia | Ramírez et al., 2017 [76] | NR | MP FastDNA soil kit (MP Biochemicals, Solon, OH, USA) | RD5 BhRDr | NR | qPCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST6 ST7 | ST3 |
Colombia | Sánchez et al., 2017 [77] | NR | Norgen Stool DNA isolation kit (Norgen Biotek Corporation, Thorold, ON, Canada) | RD5 BhRDr | NR | qPCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST6 | ST3 |
Ecuador | Helenbrook et al., 2015 [78] | NR | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | BLF BLR | 260 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 | ST1 |
BH1F BhRDr | 600 | |||||||
b11400ForC b11710RevC | NR | |||||||
Honduras | Naceanceno et al., 2020 [79] | Kato–Katz | MP FastDNA soil kit (MP Biochemicals, Solon, OH, USA) | BL18SPPF1 BL18SR2PP | 320–340 | Multi-parallel qPCR | NR | NR |
Mexico | Ramírez Pérez et al., 2020 [80] | Ritchie concentration technique | Commercial kit (Omega Bio-Tek Inc., Norcross, GA, USA) | F1 R1 | NR | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST5 ST7 | ST3 |
SB82 F SB82 R | 462 | |||||||
SB155 F SB155 R | 650 | |||||||
SB227 F SB227 R | 526 | |||||||
SB228 F SB228 R | 473 | |||||||
SB229 F SB229 R | 631 | |||||||
SB332 F SB332 R | 338 | |||||||
SB340 F SB340 R | 704 | |||||||
SB337 F SB337 R | 487 | |||||||
Mexico | Rojas-Velázquez et al., 2019 [81] | NR | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | Blast 505–532 Blast 998–1017 | NR | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST1 + ST2 ST1 + ST3 ST2 + ST3 | ST3 |
Mexico | Nieves-Ramírez et al., 2018 [82] | NR | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | NR | qPCR | ST3 | ST3 |
Mexico | Rojas-Velázquez et al., 2018 [83] | NR | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | RD5 BhRDr | 600 | PCR | ST3 | ST3 |
Panama | Perea et al., 2020 [84] | Formalin-ethyl acetate | QIAamp DNA Stool mini kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) | BL18SPPF1 BL18SR2PP | 320–340 | PCR | ST1 ST3 | ST1 |
Perú | Ascuña-Durand et al., 2020 [85] | Concentration saline solution | Norgen Stool DNA isolation kit | SB83 Sub 1 F SB83 Sub 1 R | 351 | PCR | ST1 ST2 ST3 ST1 + ST3 ST1 + ST2 + ST3 | ST3 |
STs2 F STs2 R | 1500 | |||||||
SB227 Sub 3 F SB227 Sub 3 R | 526 |
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Fusaro, C.; Bernal, J.E.; Baldiris-Ávila, R.; González-Cuello, R.; Cisneros-Lorduy, J.; Reales-Ruiz, A.; Castro-Orozco, R.; Sarria-Guzmán, Y. Molecular Prevalence and Subtypes Distribution of Blastocystis spp. in Humans of Latin America: A Systematic Review. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9, 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020038
Fusaro C, Bernal JE, Baldiris-Ávila R, González-Cuello R, Cisneros-Lorduy J, Reales-Ruiz A, Castro-Orozco R, Sarria-Guzmán Y. Molecular Prevalence and Subtypes Distribution of Blastocystis spp. in Humans of Latin America: A Systematic Review. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2024; 9(2):38. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020038
Chicago/Turabian StyleFusaro, Carmine, Jaime E. Bernal, Rosa Baldiris-Ávila, Rafael González-Cuello, Julio Cisneros-Lorduy, Arley Reales-Ruiz, Raimundo Castro-Orozco, and Yohanna Sarria-Guzmán. 2024. "Molecular Prevalence and Subtypes Distribution of Blastocystis spp. in Humans of Latin America: A Systematic Review" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 9, no. 2: 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020038
APA StyleFusaro, C., Bernal, J. E., Baldiris-Ávila, R., González-Cuello, R., Cisneros-Lorduy, J., Reales-Ruiz, A., Castro-Orozco, R., & Sarria-Guzmán, Y. (2024). Molecular Prevalence and Subtypes Distribution of Blastocystis spp. in Humans of Latin America: A Systematic Review. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 9(2), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9020038