Bridging the Gaps: Investigating the Complex Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Records in Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Area
2.2. Study Population and Data Source
2.3. Study Steps
2.3.1. Phase 1—Pre-Pandemic Time Series Analysis
2.3.2. Phase 2—Spatial Dynamics of Tuberculosis before (2015–2019) and during the COVID-19 Pandemic (2020 and 2021)
2.3.3. Phase 3—Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Time Trend of Tuberculosis Incidence in Pernambuco in the Pre-Pandemic Period, 2001–2019
3.2. Spatial Analysis of Tuberculosis before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.3. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on TB Diagnoses in the Years 2020 and 2021
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(A) Pre-Pandemic Period (2015–2019) | ||||||
Cluster | No. Municipalities | Incidence Rate | No. Cases | Radius (km) | RR | p Value |
1 | 10 | 80.1 | 14,348 | 27.8 | 2.66 | <0.001 |
2 | 8 | 85.9 | 11,916 | 20.4 | 2.54 | <0.001 |
3 | 1 | 102.1 | 321 | 0.0 | 2.10 | <0.001 |
4 | 7 | 53.5 | 3664 | 27.4 | 1.11 | <0.001 |
5 | 1 | 71.2 | 201 | 0.0 | 1.45 | <0.001 |
(B) First year of the pandemic (2020) | ||||||
Cluster | No. municipalities | Incidence rate | No. cases | Radius (km) | RR | p value |
1 | 30 | 66.4 | 3075 | 47.0 | 2.8 | <0.001 |
2 | 3 | 75.9 | 1677 | 9.0 | 2.2 | <0.001 |
3 | 2 | 312.9 | 168 | 5.9 | 7.3 | <0.001 |
4 | 1 | 108.3 | 61 | 0.0 | 2.5 | <0.001 |
5 | 3 | 54.9 | 539 | 15.8 | 1.3 | <0.001 |
6 | 7 | 60.9 | 208 | 15.3 | 1.4 | 0.004 |
(C) Second year of the pandemic (2021) | ||||||
Cluster | No. municipalities | Incidence rate | No. cases | Radius (km) | RR | p value |
1 | 10 | 77.2 | 2827 | 27.8 | 2.5 | <0.001 |
2 | 2 | 86.5 | 1782 | 8.9 | 2.3 | <0.001 |
3 | 2 | 344.2 | 187 | 6.0 | 7.4 | <0.001 |
4 | 4 | 62.7 | 278 | 22.0 | 1.3 | 0.014 |
5 | 4 | 56.5 | 623 | 15.8 | 1.2 | 0.030 |
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Souza, C.D.F.d.; Neto, E.R.D.; Matos, T.S.; Ferreira, A.C.F.; Bezerra-Santos, M.; Silva Junior, A.G.d.; do Carmo, R.F. Bridging the Gaps: Investigating the Complex Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Records in Brazil. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8, 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8090454
Souza CDFd, Neto ERD, Matos TS, Ferreira ACF, Bezerra-Santos M, Silva Junior AGd, do Carmo RF. Bridging the Gaps: Investigating the Complex Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Records in Brazil. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2023; 8(9):454. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8090454
Chicago/Turabian StyleSouza, Carlos Dornels Freire de, Epaminondas Ribeiro Dias Neto, Thais Silva Matos, Ana Carolina Furtado Ferreira, Márcio Bezerra-Santos, Adeilton Gonçalves da Silva Junior, and Rodrigo Feliciano do Carmo. 2023. "Bridging the Gaps: Investigating the Complex Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Records in Brazil" Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8, no. 9: 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8090454