Sexual Identity–Behavior Discordant Heterosexuals in Britain: Findings from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle 2010–2012 (Natsal-3)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Heterosexual Identity–Behavior Discordance (IBD)
1.2. Objective
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Instruments and Variables
2.2.1. Sexual Identity
2.2.2. IBD Heterosexual Groups
2.2.3. Attitudes toward Sexuality and Pro-LGBT Rights
2.2.4. Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Risk Behaviors
2.2.5. Substance Use
2.2.6. Psychological Wellbeing and Illness
2.2.7. Sociodemographics Factors
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive for the Sample
3.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics of All Analysis Groups
- Group A: Closeted Discordant Heterosexuals:
- Group B: Experimenter discordant heterosexuals:
- Group C: Desister discordant heterosexuals:
- Group D: Nonheterosexuals:
3.3. Association between Attitudes and Behaviors and Each of the Five Groups of Interest
- Opinions about sexuality and LGBT rights:
- Sexual risk behaviors:
- Substance use:
- Psychological wellbeing and illness:
- Tolerance Analysis:
4. Discussion
- IBD discordance: closeted, experimenters, and desisters:
- Experimenters:
- Closeted:
- Desisters:
- Nonheterosexual group:
Limitations and Concerns
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total Population N % (CI) | Males (N = 6293) N % (CI) | Females (N = 8869) N % (CI) | Heterosexual (N = 14,617) N % (CI) | Non-Heterosexual (N = 492) N % (CI) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean) | 15,162 | 43.10 (42.8–43.4) | 6293 | 42.88 | (42.5–43.3) | 8869 | 43.31 | (42.9–43.7) | 14,617 | 43.24 | (43.0–43.5) | 492 | 37.76 | (37.0–38.5) |
Ethnicity/race | ||||||||||||||
White | 13,351 | 88.73 (88.0–89.5) | 5551 | 88.26 | (87.1–89.3) | 7800 | 89.18 | (88.3–90.0) | 12,895 | 88.68 | (87.9–89.4) | 447 | 90.91 | (85.8–94.3) |
Other | 1764 | 11.27 (10.6–12.0) | 717 | 11.73 | (10.7–12.9) | 1047 | 10.81 | (10.0–11.7) | 1710 | 11.31 | (10.6–12.1) | 44 | 9.08 | (5.7–14.2) |
Academic qualifications | ||||||||||||||
No qualifications | 2715 | 20.47 (19.6–21.3) | 1153 | 20.38 | (19.1–21.7) | 1562 | 20.57 | (19.5–21.6) | 2645 | 20.64 | (19.8–21.5) | 66 | 14.60 | (10.9–19.2) |
Qualifications typically gained at age 16 years † | 4772 | 33.58 (32.7–34.5) | 1921 | 32.54 | (31.2–33.9) | 2851 | 34.59 | (33.4–35.8) | 4626 | 33.70 | (32.7–34.7) | 143 | 29.30 | (24.6–34.4) |
Studying for or have attained further qualifications | 6808 | 45.95 (44.9–47.0) | 2851 | 47.07 | (45.5–48.7) | 3957 | 44.84 | (43.6–46.1) | 6540 | 45.65 | (44.6–46.7) | 261 | 56.11 | (50.2–61.8) |
Marital status | ||||||||||||||
Married | 5346 | 51.69 (50.7–52.7) | 2165 | 52.33 | (50.9–53.7) | 3181 | 51.06 | (49.7–52.4) | 5256 | 52.48 | (51.5–53.5) | 77 | 23.81 | (18.9–29.6) |
Unmarried | 9520 | 48.31 (47.3–49.3) | 3987 | 47.67 | (46.2–49.1) | 5533 | 48.94 | (47.6–50.3) | 9103 | 47.51 | (46.5–48.5) | 405 | 76.18 | (70.4–81.1) |
Religion | ||||||||||||||
No religion | 7730 | 48.02 (47.0–49.0) | 3525 | 52.68 | (51.2–54.2) | 4205 | 43.43 | (42.2–44.7) | 7391 | 47.47 | (46.5–48.5) | 330 | 66.83 | (61.4–71.9) |
Church of England | 2161 | 17.31 (16.6–18.1) | 762 | 14.78 | (13.8–15.9) | 1399 | 19.80 | (18.8–20.9) | 2124 | 17.58 | (16.8–18.4) | 37 | 8.41 | (6.1–11.6) |
Other religions | 5223 | 34.67 (33.7–35.7) | 1980 | 32.52 | (31.1–34.0) | 3243 | 36.77 | (35.5–38.0) | 5087 | 34.96 | (34.0–36.0) | 125 | 24.76 | (20.1–30.1) |
Males N % (CI) | Females N % (CI) | p a | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Concordant heterosexual | 4907 | 97.05 | (96.4–97.6) | 6631 | 95.75 | (95.2–96.3) | <0.001 |
Discordant heterosexual | 144 | 2.95 | (2.4–3.6) | 351 | 4.25 | (3.8–4.8) | <0.001 |
Closeted | 25 | 0.47 | (0.3–0.8) | 76 | 0.82 | (0.6–1.1) | 0.034 |
Experimenter | 60 | 1.22 | (0.9–1.6) | 171 | 1.18 | (0.9–1.5) | 0.858 |
Desister | 59 | 1.26 | (0.9–1.7) | 104 | 2.24 | (1.9–2.7) | <0.001 |
Total heterosexual | 5051 | 100 | 6982 | 100 | |||
Heterosexuals | 5051 | 97.30 | (96.73–97.77) | 6982 | 97.16 | (96.72–97.55) | 0.694 |
Non-heterosexuals | 172 | 2.70 | (2.23–3.27) | 241 | 2.84 | (2.45–3.27) | 0.694 |
Total males/females | 5223 | 100 | 7223 | 100 |
CH | Closeted (C) | Experimenter (E) | Desister (D) | NH | C vs. CH | E vs. CH | D vs. CH | NH vs. CH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | % (CI) | p a | p a | p a | p a | |
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 51.0 (49.9–52.1) | 37.09 (25.3–50.6) | 36.52 (29.1–44.6) | 51.47 (42.4–60.4) | 49.40 (43.3–55.5) | <0.05 | <0.001 | 0.916 | 0.25 |
Female | 49.02 (47.9–50.1) | 62.91 (49.4–74.7) | 63.48 (55.4–70.9) | 48.53 (39.6–57.6) | 50.60 (44.5–56.7) | ||||
Age | |||||||||
16–44 | 56.74 (55.6–57.9) | 56.42 (43.8–68.3) | 60.06 (51.4–68.2) | 58.42 (49.0–67.3) | 70.67 (64.7–76.0) | 0.960 | 0.445 | 0.724 | <0.001 |
45–74 | 43.26 (42.1–44.4) | 43.58 (31.7–56.2) | 39.94 (31.8–48.6) | 41.58 (32.7–51.0) | 29.33 (24.0–35.3) | ||||
Ethnicity/race | |||||||||
White | 88.83 (88.0–89.6) | 91.47 (78.2–97.0) | 94.28 (89.0–97.1) | 90.97 (83.0–95.4) | 90.70 (85.0–94.4) | 0.547 | <0.01 | 0.475 | 0.428 |
Other | 11.17 (10.4–12.0) | 8.53 (3.03–21.8) | 5.72 (2.9–11.0) | 9.03 (4.6–17.0) | 9.30 (5.6–15.0) | ||||
Academic qualifications | |||||||||
No qualifications | 18.03 (17.1–19.0) | 6.28 (3.03–12.6) | 7.30 (4.3–12.1) | 11.07 (6.7–17.8) | 10.37 (7.3–14.5) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.05 | <0.001 |
Qualifications typically gained at age 16 years † | 35.46 (34.4–36.5) | 34.31 (23.7–46.8) | 30.46 (23.9–37.9) | 32.2 (24.1–41.6) | 31.13 (26.1–36.7) | 0.848 | 0.168 | 0.474 | 0.124 |
Studying for or have attained further qualifications | 46.51 (45.3–47.7) | 59.41 (47.0–70.7) | 62.24 (54.5–69.4) | 56.70 (47.5–65.5) | 58.49 (52.3–64.4) | <0.05 | <0.001 | <0.05 | <0.001 |
Marital status | |||||||||
Married | 54.86 (53.8–56.0) | 30.27 (19.1–44.3) | 49.06 (41.3–56.9) | 41.25 (32.4–50.7) | 25.3 (20.0–31.5) | <0.001 | 0.151 | <0.01 | <0.001 |
Unmarried | 45.14 (44.0–46.2) | 69.73 (55.7–80.9) | 50.94 (43.1–58.7) | 58.75 (49.3–65.6) | 74.68 (68.5–80.0) | ||||
Affiliation | |||||||||
No religion | 49.04 (47.9–50.1) | 66.18 (53.1–77.2) | 59.60 (51.5–67.2) | 57.44 (48.4–66.0) | 68.42 (62.7–73.7) | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.065 | <0.001 |
Church of England | 16.5 (15.7–17.4) | 12.9 (6.0–25.4) | 9.95 (5.6–17.0) | 12.45 (7.5–20.0) | 8.06 (5.7–11.3) | 0.446 | 0.021 | 0.201 | <0.001 |
Other religion | 34.44 (33.4–35.5) | 20.96 (12.5–33.0) | 30.45 (23.9–38.0) | 30.11 (22.7–38.8) | 23.52 (18.6–29.3) | <0.05 | 0.275 | 0.297 | <0.001 |
Religious attendance | |||||||||
At least once a week | 16.50 (15.3–17.8) | 18.51 (6.0–44.7) | 14.87 (7.8–26.5) | 8.10 (3.6–17.0) | 17.47 (11.9–25.0) | 0.837 | 0.731 | <0.05 | 0.099 |
Less than once a week | 83.50 (82.2–84.7) | 81.49 (55.3–94-0) | 85.13 (73.5–92.2) | 91.90 (83.0–96.4) | 82.53 (75.0–88.1) | ||||
Residential area | |||||||||
Rural | 23.64 (22.1–25.2) | 27.06 (17.0–40.3) | 22.44 (15.2–31.9) | 23.54 (16.4–32.6) | 11.75 (8.4–16.3) | 0.567 | 0.778 | 0.981 | <0.001 |
Urban | 76.4 (74.8–77.9) | 72.94 (59.7–83.0) | 77.56 (68.1–84.8) | 76.46 (67.4–83.6) | 88.25 (83.7–91.6) | ||||
Sex of most recent live-in partner | |||||||||
Opposite sex | 99.91 (99.7–100.0) | 90.61 (74.8–96.9) | 99.36 (95.5–100.0) | 100 | 48.54 (36.2–53.8) | 0.069 | 0.394 | 0.075 | <0.001 |
Same sex | 0.09 (0.0–0.3) | 9.39 (3.1–25.2) | 0.64 (0.1–4.5) | 0 | 55.15 (46.2–63.8) | ||||
Number of same-sex partners in the past year | |||||||||
0 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 35.45 (29.8–41.5) | - | - | - | <0.001 |
1 | 0 | 70.46 (58.1–80.4) | 0 | 0 | 41.22 (35.4–47.2) | <0.001 | - | - | <0.001 |
2 or more | 0 | 29.54 (19.6–41.9) | 0 | 0 | 23.33 (18.7–28.7) | <0.001 | - | - | <0.001 |
C vs. CH | E vs. CH | D vs. CH | NH vs. CH | |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR or RRR (95% CI) a | OR or RRR (95% CI) a | OR or RRR (95% CI) a | OR or RRR (95% CI) a | |
Female (ref = male) | 1.79 * (1.0–3.2) | 1.84 ** (1.3–2.6) | 1.00 (0.7–1.5) | 1.13 (0.9–1.5) |
Age (16–44; 45–74; ref = younger) | 2.00 * (1.1–3.5) | 1.19 (0.8–1.8) | 1.33 (0.9–2.0) | 1.02 (0.8–1.4) |
White ethnicity (ref = other) | 1.56 (0.4–6.4) | 2.09 1 (1.0–4.5) | 1.17 (0.5–2.5) | 1.16 (0.7–1.9) |
Academic qualifications (ref = no qualifications) | ||||
Qualifications typically gained at age 16 years † | 3.09 * (1.3–7.3) | 2.10 * (1.2–3.8) | 1.53 (0.8–2.8) | 1.44 1 (0.9–2.2) |
Studying for or have attained further qualifications | 4.51 ** (1.9–10.7) | 3.49 *** (1.9–6.3) | 2.10 * (1.2–3.8) | 2.04 ** (1.3–3.1) |
Married (ref = unmarried) | 0.35 ** (0.2–0.6) | 0.87 (0.6–1.2) | 0.56 ** (0.4–0.8) | 0.34 *** (0.2–0.5) |
Has a religious affiliation (ref = none) | 0.46 * (0.2–0.9) | 0.64 ** (0.5–0.9) | 0.77 (0.5–1.1) | 0.55 *** (0.4–0.7) |
Urban residence (ref = rural) | 0.80 (0.4–1.5) | 1.19 (0.8–1.8) | 0.98 (0.6–1.6) | 2.23 *** (1.5–3.3) |
C vs. CH | E vs. CH | D vs. CH | NH vs. CH | |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) a | OR (95% CI) a | OR (95% CI) a | OR (95% CI) a | |
Opinions about Sexuality | ||||
High pro-LGBT attitudes (ref = low) c | 1.75 1 (0.9–3.3) | 1.29 (0.9–1.8) | 1.30 (0.9–1.9) | 5.43 *** (4.0–7.4) |
Same-sex sexual relations are always wrong (refcat = non-heterosexuals) | ||||
Same sex sexual relations are never wrong (refcat = non-heterosexuals) | 1.0 (reference) | |||
Adultery is rarely or never wrong (ref = mostly or always wrong) | 3.77 * (1.3–10.8) | 2.40 1 (1.0–6.0) | 3.81 ** (1.5–9.7) | 2.45 ** (1.3–4.8) |
One-night stands are rarely or never wrong (ref = always wrong) | 1.22 (0.7–2.1) | 1.58 * (1.1–2.4) | 1.48 1 (1.0–2.3) | 1.35 * (1.0–1.7) |
Sex without love is OK; agree strongly (ref = else) | 1.62 (0.9–3.0) | 2.08 *** (1.4–3.1) | 2.54 *** (1.6–4.0) | 1.54 (1.1–2.1) |
SEXUAL RISK BEHAVIORS | ||||
Linear trend in the number of sex partners | 15.00 *** (8.2–27.3) | 2.03 *** (1.5–2.8) | 4.08 *** (2.5–6.6) | 2.95 *** (2.3–3.9) |
High STI risk (ref = low or none) | 4.91 *** (2.4–10.0) | 0.62 (0.3–1.5) | 3.13 ** (1.5–6.6) | 3.58 *** (2.2–5.7) |
Ever paid for sex (ref = never) | 3.13 * (1.3–7.9) | 2.08 1 (0.9–5.0) | 7.75 *** (4.4–13.8) | 1.48 (0.8–2.7) |
SUBSTANCE USE | ||||
Ever smoked tobacco (ref = never) | 2.14 ** (1.3–3.6) | 3.02 *** (2.1–4.4) | 2.20 *** (1.5–3.3) | 1.59 *** (1.2–2.1) |
Currently smokes tobacco (ref = no) | 2.29 ** (1.3–4.0) | 1.83 ** (1.3–2.6) | 1.43 1 (1.0–2.2) | 1.46 ** (1.1–1.9) |
Chain smoker (10+ cigarettes/day) (ref = less than 10 or none) | 1.59 (0.8–3.2) | 1.71 * (1.0–2.8) | 1.44 (0.8–2.5) | 1.15 (0.8–1.7) |
Moderate/high weekly alcohol use (ref = none/low) | 1.83 1 (1.0–3.4) | 1.63 * (1.0–2.6) | 1.95 ** (1.2–3.1) | 1.60 ** (1.2–2.2) |
Binge drinks weekly or more often (ref = less than weekly or none) | 1.99 * (1.1–3.7) | 1.32 (0.9–2.0) | 1.30 (0.8–2.1) | 0.96 (0.7–1.3) |
Smoked marijuana in the past year (ref = no) | 2.74 ** (1.5–5.0) | 2.04 ** (1.3–3.3) | 2.19 ** (1.4–3.5) | 1.49 * (1.1–2.0) |
Used hard drugs in the past year (ref = no) | 4.14 *** (2.1–8.3) | 3.48 *** (2.0–6.1) | 2.91 *** (1.7–4.9) | 3.86 *** (2.7–5.5) |
Psychological Wellbeing and Illness | ||||
Feeling depressed in the last 2 weeks (ref = not at all) | 1.08 (0.6–2.1) | 0.97 (0.6–1.7) | 1.28 (0.8–2.2) | 2.20 ** (1.6–3.1) |
Screened positive for current depression (ref = screened negative) | 0.86 (0.5–1.6) | 1.04 (0.6–1.7) | 1.11 (0.7–1.9) | 1.75 ** (1.3–2.5) |
Currently taking medication for depression (ref = no) | 1.41 (0.7–2.8) | 2.49 *** (1.6–3.9) | 1.57 (0.8–3.0) | 2.52 *** (1.8–3.6) |
Feeling apathy in the last 2 weeks (ref = not at all) | 0.97 (0.5–1.9) | 1.02 (0.6–1.8) | 1.01 (0.6–1.8) | 1.62 ** (1.1–2.3) |
Has serious physical health infirmity (ref = no) | 0.65 (0.3–1.5) | 1.13 (0.7–1.8) | 1.58 1 (1.0–2.6) | 1.51 * (1.0–2.3) |
Has longstanding limiting illness or disability (ref = non-limiting or none) | 0.89 (0.5–1.8) | 1.52 * (1.0–2.3) | 1.53 1 (0.9–2.5) | 2.52 *** (1.9–3.4) |
CH vs. NH | C vs. NH | E vs. NH | D vs. NH | |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) a | OR (95% CI) a | OR (95% CI) a | OR (95% CI) a | |
Same-sex sexual relations always wrong b | 6.26 *** (2.45–16.0) | 0.93 (0.20–4.4) | 1.59 (0.47–5.41) | 2.32 (0.70–7.64) |
Same-sex sexual relations never wrong b | 0.19 *** (0.12–0.28) | 0.33 ** (0.15–0.71) | 0.23 *** (0.13–0.39) | 0.25 *** (0.14–0.45) |
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Calatrava, M.; Sullins, D.P.; James, S. Sexual Identity–Behavior Discordant Heterosexuals in Britain: Findings from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle 2010–2012 (Natsal-3). Sexes 2023, 4, 601-621. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes4040039
Calatrava M, Sullins DP, James S. Sexual Identity–Behavior Discordant Heterosexuals in Britain: Findings from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle 2010–2012 (Natsal-3). Sexes. 2023; 4(4):601-621. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes4040039
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalatrava, Maria, D. Paul Sullins, and Steph James. 2023. "Sexual Identity–Behavior Discordant Heterosexuals in Britain: Findings from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle 2010–2012 (Natsal-3)" Sexes 4, no. 4: 601-621. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes4040039
APA StyleCalatrava, M., Sullins, D. P., & James, S. (2023). Sexual Identity–Behavior Discordant Heterosexuals in Britain: Findings from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyle 2010–2012 (Natsal-3). Sexes, 4(4), 601-621. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes4040039