Sex Differences in the Association between Household Income and Children’s Executive Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Aims
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design, Setting, and Sampling
Analytical Sample
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Outcome
2.2.2. Moderator
2.2.3. Independent Variable
2.2.4. Confounders
2.3. The Stop Signal Task (SST)
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Main Analysis
2.4.2. Ethical Aspect
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Future Research
4.2. Future Research
4.3. Methodological Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Model Formula for Our Models
Variable Names in DEAP | Study Constructs |
Model 1 | Model 1 |
tfmri_sst_all_beh_correct.go_rate ~ household.income.bl + race.4level + sex + married.bl + age + hisp | Executive function = household income + race + sex + married + age + Hispanic |
Random: ~(1|abcd_site/rel_family_id) | Random: Site + Family |
Model 2 | Model 2 |
tfmri_sst_all_beh_correct.go_rate ~ household.income.bl + race.4level + sex + married.bl + age + hisp + household.income.bl * sex | Executive function = household income + race + sex + married + age + Hispanic + household income x race |
Random: ~(1|abcd_site/rel_family_id) | Random: Site + Family |
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Characteristics | All | Female | Male | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
8608 | 4220 | 4388 | ||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
Age | 119.18 (7.46) | 118.94 (7.44) | 119.40 (7.46) | 0.004 |
Executive function (mean (SD)) | 0.81 (0.15) | 0.81 (0.15) | 0.81 (0.14) | 0.471 |
Household income | n(%) | n(%) | n(%) | |
<50 K | 2302 (26.7) | 1161 (27.5) | 1141 (26.0) | 0.231 |
≥50 K & <100 K | 2458 (28.6) | 1205 (28.6) | 1253 (28.6) | |
≥100 K | 3848 (44.7) | 1854 (43.9) | 1994 (45.4) | |
Race | ||||
White | 5891 (68.4) | 2833 (67.1) | 3058 (69.7) | 0.073 |
Black | 1129 (13.1) | 578 (13.7) | 551 (12.6) | |
Asian | 186 (2.2) | 99 (2.3) | 87 (2.0) | |
Other/Mixed | 1402 (16.3) | 710 (16.8) | 692 (15.8) | |
Sex | ||||
Female | 4220 (49.0) | 4220 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
Male | 4388 (51.0) | 0 (0.0) | 4388 (100.0) | |
Married family | ||||
No | 2463 (28.6) | 1252 (29.7) | 1211 (27.6) | 0.036 |
Yes | 6145 (71.4) | 2968 (70.3) | 3177 (72.4) | |
Hispanic | ||||
No | 6998 (81.3) | 3420 (81.0) | 3578 (81.5) | 0.572 |
Yes | 1610 (18.7) | 800 (19.0) | 810 (18.5) |
Characteristics | Estimate | Std. Error | t | p | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | |||||
Household income [≥100 K] | 0.02987 | 0.00484 | 6.18 | <10−6 | *** |
Household income [≥50 K & < 100 K] | 0.02013 | 0.00466 | 4.32 | 1.55 × 10−5 | *** |
Model 2 | |||||
Household income [≥100 K] | 0.04250 | 0.00611 | 6.95 | <10−6 | *** |
Household income [≥50 K & < 100 K] | 0.02528 | 0.00620 | 4.08 | 4.62 × 10−5 | *** |
Sex (Male) | 0.01413 | 0.00587 | 2.41 | 0.0161502 | * |
Household income [≥100 K] × Male | −0.02507 | 0.00745 | −3.37 | 0.0007673 | *** |
Household income [≥50 K & < 100 K] × Male | −0.01061 | 0.00820 | −1.29 | 0.1958092 | - |
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Assari, S.; Boyce, S.; Bazargan, M.; Caldwell, C.H. Sex Differences in the Association between Household Income and Children’s Executive Function. Sexes 2020, 1, 19-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes1010002
Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. Sex Differences in the Association between Household Income and Children’s Executive Function. Sexes. 2020; 1(1):19-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes1010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleAssari, Shervin, Shanika Boyce, Mohsen Bazargan, and Cleopatra Howard Caldwell. 2020. "Sex Differences in the Association between Household Income and Children’s Executive Function" Sexes 1, no. 1: 19-31. https://doi.org/10.3390/sexes1010002