Power Quality Issues of a Battery Fast Charging Station for a Fully-Electric Public Transport System in Gothenburg City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Hyper Bus Project
- The distance covered is 8.3 km in one direction.
- There are 24 stops along the route.
- The number of passenger journeys is about 400,000 per month.
- Route 60 has 18 buses, plus three Hyper Buses.
- The journey time is 35–36 min.
- Electricity provides up to 70% of the power along the route.
- Hybrid electric and diesel.
- Passengers: 35 seated + 35 standing.
- Twin-axle low-floor urban bus, identical to the Volvo 7900 hybrid.
- Battery chemical: lithium iron phosphate.
- Battery capacity: 28 kWh.
- Charging procedure for the driver: position bus correctly under the charging pole (tolerance ±40 cm sidewise, ±70 cm lengthwise).
- D5F215 diesel engine: 4.8 L, 161 kW (216 hp), 800 Nm, Euro 5.
- Electric motor: 150 kW (203 hp) and max 1200 Nm.
- Charging time: about 6 min.
- Local wind-generated electricity from DinEl.
- Charging capacity: 100 kW.
- Charging stations input supply: 400 V AC.
- Charging voltage: 600–750 V DC.
- Complete charge: 10 kWh.
3. The Measurements of a Charger Station
4. The Power Quality Issues
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- The Hyper Bus Project: Introducing Plug-in Hybrids in the City of Gothenburg. Available online: http://www.hyperbus.se/download/18.6f0426c148417f553730177/1409928650556/Hyperbus+Rapport_2014_140623.pdf (accessed on 1 November 2015).
- Hyper Bus. Facts about Hyper Bus. Available online: http://www.hyperbus.se/engelskwebbplats/hyperbus/abouthyperbus.4.7f30c2451341eef1dc180002873.html (accessed on 1 November 2015).
- Fredrik, P. Report in Swedish; Hyperbus Slutrapport: Gothenburg, Sweden, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, X.; Murgovski, N.; Johannesson, L.M.; Egardt, B. Energy efficiency analysis of a series plug-in hybrid electric bus with different energy management strategies and battery sizes. Appl. Energy 2013, 111, 1001–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.; Choi, J.; Jeong, K.; Kim, H. A Study of Fuel Economy Improvement in a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle using Engine on/off and Battery Charging Power Control Based on Driver Characteristics. Energies 2015, 8, 10106–10126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, J.; Fan, H.; He, H.; Pan, D. A Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy for a Plug-in Hybrid School Bus Based on a Controller Area Network Bus. Energies 2015, 8, 5122–5142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y.; Li, J.; Zhang, S. Design and Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric School Bus. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), Beijing, China, 31 August–3 September 2014; pp. 1–5.
- Li, Y.; Zeng, Q.; Wang, C.; Wang, L. Research on Control Strategy for Regenerative Braking of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric City Public Bus. In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA), Changsha, China, 10–11 October 2009; Volume 1, pp. 842–845.
- Hu, X.; Murgovski, N.; Johannesson, L.M.; Egardt, B. Optimal Dimensioning and Power Management of a Fuel Cell/Battery Hybrid Bus via Convex Programming. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 2014, 20, 457–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, X.; Murgovski, N.; Johannesson, L.M.; Egardt, B. Comparison of Three Electrochemical Energy Buffers Applied to a Hybrid Bus Powertrain with Simultaneous Optimal Sizing and Energy Management. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 2014, 15, 1193–1205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-7: Testing and Measurement Techniques—General Guide on Harmonics and Interharmonics Measurements and Instrumentation, for Power Supply Systems and Equipment Connected Thereto; IEC 61000-4-7; International Electrotechnical Commission: Geneva, Switzerland, 2002.
- Testing and Measurement Techniques—Power Quality Measurement Methods; IEC 61000-4-30; International Electrotechnical Commission: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
- Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)—Part 4 Testing and Measurement Techniques—Section 15: Flickermeter—Functional and Design Specifications; IEC 61000-4-15; International Electrotechnical Commission: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Thiringer, T.; Haghbin, S. Power Quality Issues of a Battery Fast Charging Station for a Fully-Electric Public Transport System in Gothenburg City. Batteries 2015, 1, 22-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries1010022
Thiringer T, Haghbin S. Power Quality Issues of a Battery Fast Charging Station for a Fully-Electric Public Transport System in Gothenburg City. Batteries. 2015; 1(1):22-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries1010022
Chicago/Turabian StyleThiringer, Torbjörn, and Saeid Haghbin. 2015. "Power Quality Issues of a Battery Fast Charging Station for a Fully-Electric Public Transport System in Gothenburg City" Batteries 1, no. 1: 22-33. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries1010022