Post-Partum Depression Lactating Rat Model for Evaluating Ketamine’s Safety as a Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment: Roles in Cardiac and Urinary Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. General Mechanism of Action and Safety of Ketamine
1.2. Effects on Cardiac and Urinary Function
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Model of Depression Induction by Maternal Separation
2.4. Timeline and Experimental Design
2.5. Histopathological Evaluation
2.6. Cardiochemical Assessment
- -
- Adrenaline (ADR);
- -
- Noradrenaline (NOR) and its metabolite vanillylmandelic acid (VMA);
- -
- Dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, 4,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA);
- -
- Serotonin (5HT) and its metabolite 5-hydroindole, 3-acetic acid (5HIAA).
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Description | Treatment Period |
---|---|---|
A | Control (normal, not treated) | |
B | Control (normal) + saline | PND2 to PND21 |
C | Depressed + saline | PND2 to PND21 |
D | Depressed + ketamine 5 mg/kg | PND2 to PND21 |
E | Depressed + ketamine 10 mg/kg | PND2 to PND21 |
F | Depressed + ketamine 20 mg/kg | PND2 to PND21 |
G | Depressed + Ketamine 10 mg/kg on | Single dose on PND12 |
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Fukushima, A.R.; Navas-Suárez, P.E.; Peña Muñoz, J.W.; Ricci, E.L.; Leoni, L.A.B.; Caperuto, É.C.; Yanase, L.; Santana, J.; de França, E.; Delorenzi, J.C.M.O.B.; et al. Post-Partum Depression Lactating Rat Model for Evaluating Ketamine’s Safety as a Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment: Roles in Cardiac and Urinary Function. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2022, 9, 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9090299
Fukushima AR, Navas-Suárez PE, Peña Muñoz JW, Ricci EL, Leoni LAB, Caperuto ÉC, Yanase L, Santana J, de França E, Delorenzi JCMOB, et al. Post-Partum Depression Lactating Rat Model for Evaluating Ketamine’s Safety as a Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment: Roles in Cardiac and Urinary Function. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 2022; 9(9):299. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9090299
Chicago/Turabian StyleFukushima, André Rinaldi, Pedro Enrique Navas-Suárez, Juliana Weckx Peña Muñoz, Esther Lopes Ricci, Luís Antônio Baffile Leoni, Érico C. Caperuto, Leandro Yanase, Jeferson Santana, Elias de França, Jan Carlo Morais O. Bertassoni Delorenzi, and et al. 2022. "Post-Partum Depression Lactating Rat Model for Evaluating Ketamine’s Safety as a Pharmacotherapeutic Treatment: Roles in Cardiac and Urinary Function" Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 9, no. 9: 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9090299