The Relationship Between Willingness to Forgive and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults in Portugal and Spain
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Cognitive Preservation Criterion
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Sociodemographic Characterization
2.5. Assessment of Self-Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life
2.6. Assessment of Willingness to Forgive
2.7. Statistical Analysis
2.8. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Profile
3.2. Overall Assessment of Self-Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life and Willingness to Forgive
3.3. Evaluation of Self-Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life and Willingness to Forgive According to Sociodemographic Variables
3.4. Evaluation of the Variation Self-Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life Scores (SF-12) and Its Physical Health (PCS) and Mental Health (MCS) Components, Stratified by Willingness for Forgiveness (HFS) and Its Different Subscales
3.5. Assessment of the Correlation of Self-Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life (SF-12) and Its Physical Health (PCS) and Mental Health (MCS) Components with Willingness for Total Forgiveness (HFS) and Its Different Subscales
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ES | Spain |
ESSSM | Escola Superior de Saúde de Santa Maria |
FOOSE | Forgiveness of oneself |
FOOSI | Forgiveness of situations that one does not control |
FOOT | Forgiveness of others |
HFS | Heartland Forgiveness Scale |
Total HFS | Willingness to Forgive |
MCS | Mental component |
MMSE | Mini-Mental State Examination |
MOCA | Montreal Cognitive Assessment |
PT | Portugal |
OECD | Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |
PCS | Physical component |
SDG | Sustainable Development Goal |
SF-12 | 12-Item Short-Form—Health Status Assessment |
SF-12 Total | Self-Perceived Quality of Life |
SF-36 | 36 Short-Form—Health Status Assessment |
SPSS | Statistical Package for the Social Sciences |
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Portugal (n = 15) | Spain (n = 15) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | p * | |
SEX | |||||
Woman | 11 | 73 | 11 | 73 | 0.50 |
Man | 4 | 27 | 4 | 27 | |
AGE GROUP | |||||
65–69 | 4 | 27 | 4 | 27 | |
70–74 | 9 | 60 | 3 | 20 | |
75–79 | 1 | 6.5 | 5 | 33.5 | 0.50 |
80–84 | 1 | 6.5 | 2 | 13 | |
≥85 | 0.0 | 0 | 1 | 6.5 | |
MARITAL STATUS | |||||
Civilly Married or in “Facto Union” | 8 | 53 | 8 | 53 | |
Divorced | 6 | 40 | 4 | 27 | 0.50 |
Widower | 1 | 7 | 3 | 20 | |
EDUCATIONAL LEVEL | |||||
Basic Education—1st Cycle to 4th year | 6 | 40 | 5 | 34 | |
Basic Education—2nd Cycle to 5th–6th Grade | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | |
Basic Education—3rd Cycle to 7th–9th Grade | 2 | 13 | 2 | 13 | |
Secondary Education—10th–12th grade | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 0.40 |
Higher Education—Bachelor’s degree (3 years) | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Higher Education—Bachelor’s degree (4 years) | 3 | 20 | 2 | 13 | |
Higher Education—Master’s degree | 2 | 13 | 1 | 7 | |
Higher Education—PhD | 1 | 7 | 1 | 7 | |
WORKING STATUS | |||||
Employee | 3 | 20 | 0 | 0 | |
From Home | 1 | 7 | 2 | 13 | 0.40 |
Unemployed | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | |
Retired | 11 | 73 | 12 | 80 | |
COHABITATION | |||||
Alone | 6 | 40 | 6 | 40 | |
Spouse | 7 | 46 | 7 | 46 | |
Spouse and Children | 1 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 0.50 |
Children and/or Grandchildren | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Sister | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 |
Portugal (n = 15) | Spain (n = 15) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Average ± SD | Average ± SD | p * | |
SF-12 Score Total % | 71.2 ±18.9 | 73.3 ± 20.77 | 0.28 |
Physical component (PCS) % | 73.3 ± 18.07 | 75.3 ± 24.07 | 0.24 |
Mental component (MCS) % | 69.5 ± 24.46 | 72.2 ± 21.48 | 0.32 |
FHS | |||
Score Total | 86.9 ± 27.39 | 92.5 ± 18.66 | 0.25 |
FOOSE | 29.7 ± 8.97 | 29.0 ± 7.24 | 0.41 |
FOOT | 29.5 ± 8.85 | 32.6 ± 7.3 | 0.15 |
FOOSI | 27.7 ± 10.76 | 30.9 ± 8.64 | 0.18 |
Portugal and Spain (n = 30) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF-12 Total % | PCS % | MCS % | ||||
Average ± SD | p * | Average ± SD | p * | Average ± SD | p * | |
Sex | ||||||
Woman | 68.8 ± 17.75 | 0.08 | 73.4 ± 17.17 | 0.38 | 65.6 ± 22.16 | 0.01 |
Man | 81.8 ± 22.26 | 76.9 ± 30.36 | 85.1 ± 18.35 | |||
Age group | ||||||
65 to 75 years old | 70 ± 20.25 | 0.14 | 71.8 ± 22.51 | 0.08 | 68.9 ± 23.14 | 0.22 |
≥76 years old | 78.3 ± 17.16 | 81.3 ± 12.87 | 76.1 ± 21.87 | |||
Marital status | ||||||
Civilly Married/“Facto Union” | 74.4 ± 21.81 | 72.8 ± 27.04 | 0.33 | 75.6 ± 22.48 | 0.11 | |
Widowed or Divorced | 69.7 ± 17.03 | 0.25 | 76 ± 11.32 | 65.4 ± 22.44 | ||
Educational Level | ||||||
4 to 11 years old | 70.4 ± 20.13 | 0.25 | 72.9 ± 20.97 | 0.32 | 68.7 ± 25.02 | 0.23 |
≥12 years old | 75.4 ± 19 | 76.6 ± 21.78 | 74.5 ± 18.41 | |||
Working Status | ||||||
Retired or Home-Based | 69.6 ± 19.66 | 3.00 | 72 ± 21.54 | <0.01 | 68 ± 23.04 | <0.01 |
Working or Unemployed | 89.5 ± 3.32 | 89.5 ± 4.04 | 89.3 ± 4.27 | |||
Cohabitation | ||||||
Live Alone | 67.8 ± 17.6 | 0.14 | 75.6 ± 11.83 | 0.38 | 62.4 ± 22.90 | 0.05 |
Family (husband/wife and/or children) | 75.2 ± 20.67 | 73.4 ± 25.60 | 76.4 ± 21.29 | |||
Live | ||||||
Portugal—Urban Area | 71.2 ± 18.9 | 0.28 | 73.3 ± 18.07 | 0.24 | 69.5 ± 24.46 | 0.32 |
Spain—Urban Area | 73.3 ± 20.77 | 75.3 ± 24.07 | 72.2 ± 21.48 |
Portugal and Spain (n = 30) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total FHS | FOOSE | FOOT | FOOSI | |||||
Average ± SD | p * | Average ± SD | p * | Average ± SD | p * | Average ± SD | p * | |
Sex | ||||||||
Woman | 87.8 ± 24.39 | 0.21 | 28.3 ± 8.20 | 0.11 | 30.5 ± 8.32 | 0.26 | 29 ± 10.59 | 0.36 |
Man | 94.9 ± 20.09 | 32.1 ± 7.22 | 32.6 ± 7.85 | 30.1 ± 7.40 | ||||
Age group | ||||||||
65 to 75 years old | 88.5 ± 22.86 | 0.34 | 29.8 ± 7.42 | 0.33 | 29.3 ± 7.64 | 0.02 | 29.5 ± 9.59 | 0.42 |
≥76 years old | 92.8 ± 25.47 | 28.1 ± 9.93 | 36 ± 7.76 | 28.6 ± 10.74 | ||||
Marital status | ||||||||
Civilly Married/“Facto Union” | 91.3 ± 20.79 | 0.35 | 29.8 ± 8.17 | 0.34 | 31.6 ± 7.49 | 0.34 | 29.9 ± 8.11 | 0.35 |
Widowed or Divorced | 87.9 ± 26.38 | 28.8 ± 8.11 | 30.5 ± 9.04 | 28.6 ± 11.59 | ||||
Educational Level | ||||||||
4 to 11 years | 84.2 ± 22.13 | 0.04 | 27 ± 7.21 | 0.02 | 30.7 ± 8.58 | 0.36 | 26.5 ± 9.35 | 0.01 |
≥12 years | 99.2 ± 22.86 | 33.4 ± 8.03 | 31.7 ± 7.62 | 34.1 ± 8.75 | ||||
Working Status | ||||||||
Retired or Home-Based | 87.5 ± 22.73 | 0.13 | 28.2 ± 7.72 | 0.02 | 30.7 ± 8.11 | 0.31 | 28.6 ± 9.75 | 0.18 |
Working or Unemployed | 104 ± 24.12 | 37 ± 5.77 | 33.3 ± 9.07 | 33.8 ± 9.54 | ||||
Cohabitation | ||||||||
Live Alone | 83.8 ± 26.43 | 0.14 | 27.5 ± 7.99 | 0.15 | 29.7 ± 9.55 | 0.23 | 26.7 ± 11.41 | 0.13 |
Family (husband/wife and/or children) | 93.6 ± 20.65 | 30.6 ± 8.02 | 32 ± 7.15 | 31 ± 8.32 | ||||
Live | ||||||||
Portugal—Urban Area | 86.9 ± 27.39 | 0.25 | 29.7 ± 8.97 | 0.41 | 29.5 ± 8.85 | 0.15 | 27.7 ± 10.76 | 0.18 |
Spain—Urban Area | 92.5 ± 18.66 | 29 ± 7.24 | 32.6 ± 7.3 | 30.9 ± 8.64 |
Portugal and Spain (n = 30) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF-12 Total % | PCS % | MCS % | ||||
Average ± SD | p * | Average ± SD | p * | Average ± SD | p * | |
TOTAL FHS | ||||||
18–89 score ** | 61.1 ± 2073 | 0.01 | 66.1 ± 24.47 | 0.08 | 57.5 ± 24.65 | <0.01 |
90–126 score *** | 78.9 ± 15.03 | 78.1 ± 17.06 | 79.5 ± 16.47 | |||
FHS—FOOSE | ||||||
06–29 score **** | 64.8 ± 21.33 | 0.01 | 70.5 ± 24.20 | 0.16 | 60.9 ± 24.76 | <0.01 |
30–42 score ***** | 79.7 ± 14.74 | 78.1 ± 17.06 | 80.8 ± 15.42 | |||
FHS—FOOT | ||||||
06–29 score **** | 60.9 ± 20.72 | <0.01 | 64.2 ± 23.59 | 0.02 | 58.7 ± 24.40 | 0.01 |
30–42 score ***** | 79.8 ± 14.93 | 81.1 ± 16.33 | 78.9 ± 17.80 | |||
FHS—FOOSI | ||||||
06–29 score **** | 66.1 ± 21.16 | 0.03 | 64.2 ± 24.97 | 0.08 | 64.2 ± 24.97 | 0.03 |
30–42 score ***** | 79.1 ± 14.98 | 79.2 ± 17.70 | 79.2 ± 16.70 |
(FOOSE) | (FOOT) | (FOOSI) | TOTAL HFS | SF12 TOTAL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
r de Pearson * | r de Pearson * | r de Pearson * | r de Pearson * | r de Pearson * | |
(FOOSE) | 1 | ||||
(FOOT) | 0.7 | 1.0 | |||
(FOOSI) | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.0 | ||
(TOTAL HFS) | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | |
(SF12 TOTAL) | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1 |
PCS | MCS | FOOSE | FOOT | FOOSI | Total HFS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r de Pearson * | r de Pearson * | r de Pearson * | r de Pearson * | r de Pearson * | r de Pearson * | |
PCS | 1 | |||||
MCS | 0.6 | 1 | ||||
FOOSE | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1 | |||
FOOT | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1 | ||
FOOSI | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1 | |
Total HFS | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1 |
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Silva, C.P.R.; Barbero-Iglesias, F.J.; Polo-Ferrero, L.; Recio-Rodríguez, J.I. The Relationship Between Willingness to Forgive and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults in Portugal and Spain. Geriatrics 2025, 10, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10040090
Silva CPR, Barbero-Iglesias FJ, Polo-Ferrero L, Recio-Rodríguez JI. The Relationship Between Willingness to Forgive and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults in Portugal and Spain. Geriatrics. 2025; 10(4):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10040090
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Cristiane Pavanello Rodrigues, Fausto J. Barbero-Iglesias, Luis Polo-Ferrero, and José I. Recio-Rodríguez. 2025. "The Relationship Between Willingness to Forgive and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults in Portugal and Spain" Geriatrics 10, no. 4: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10040090
APA StyleSilva, C. P. R., Barbero-Iglesias, F. J., Polo-Ferrero, L., & Recio-Rodríguez, J. I. (2025). The Relationship Between Willingness to Forgive and Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults in Portugal and Spain. Geriatrics, 10(4), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics10040090