Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Cell Phones in Five Intensive Care Units: Exploratory Dispersion Analysis
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Bacterial isolation and identification
Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes
Statistical analysis
Results
Antimicrobial resistance of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB)
Antimicrobial resistance of Gram-positive cocci (GPC)
Resistance phenotypes distribution
Discussion
Conclusion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of interest
References
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| Resistance to agent | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=35) | Acinetobacter spp. (n=16) | p-value* | |
| Piperacillin | 5.7 (2/35) | 31.3 (5/16) | 0.025 | |
| Piperacillin-tazobactam | 2.9 (1/35) | 31.3 (5/16) | 0.009 | |
| Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid | 5.7 (2/35) | NT | - | |
| Netilmicin | 0.0 (0/35) | 18.8 (3/16) | 0.027 | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 0.0 (0/35) | 31.3 (5/16) | 0.002 | |
| Levofloxacin | 0.0 (0/35) | 31.3 (5/16) | 0.002 | |
| Ceftazidime | 2.9 (1/35) | 31.3 (5/16) | 0.009 | |
| Cefepime | 2.9 (1/35) | 31.3 (5/16) | 0.009 | |
| Aztreonam | 2.9 (1/35) | 75.0 (12/16) | <0.001 | |
| Imipenem | 0.0 (0/35) | 25.0 (4/16) | 0.007 | |
| MDR | Yes | 2.9 (1/35) | 31.3 (5/16) | 0.009 |
| Resistance to categories | Median (min-max) | 1 (1-4) | 1 (0-8)€ | 0.767¥ |
| Resistance to category/agent | Staphylococcus aureus (n=30) | Enterococcus spp. (n=26) | χ2 | p-value* | |
| Penicillin | 93.3 (28/30) | 30.8 (8/26) | 23.8 | <0.001 | |
| Vancomycin | 0.0 (0/30) | 42.3 (11/26) | 15.8 | <0.001 | |
| Erythromycin | 40.0 (12/30) | 92.3 (24/26) | 16.6 | <0.001 | |
| Ciprofloxacin | 23.3 (7/30) | 46.2 (12/26) | 3.24 | 0.072 | |
| Chloramphenicol | 0.0 (0/30) | 15.4 (4/26) | 4.97 | 0.026 | |
| Rifampicin | 13.3 (4/30) | 73.1 (19/26) | 20.5 | <0.001 | |
| Linezolid | 0.0 (0/30) | 30.8 (8/26) | 10.8 | 0.001 | |
| MDR | Yes | 46.7 (14/30)€ | 80.8 (21/26) | 6.91 | 0.009 |
| Resistance to categories | median (min-max) | 2 (0-5)¥ | 5 (1-7) | – | <0.001£ |
| n (%) | PEN | GEN | RIF | CIP | CLI | ERY | MRSA | D-test | Hospital | |||
| Phenotype* | A | B | C | |||||||||
| (n=18) | (n=7) | (n=5) | ||||||||||
| S | 2 (6.7) | S | S | S | S | S | S | - | - | . | . | X |
| R1 | 11 (36.7) | R | S | S | S | S | S | - | - | X | X | X |
| R2a | 3 (10.0) | R | R | S | S | S | S | - | - | X | X | . |
| R2b | 1 (3.3) | R | S | S | S | R | S | + | - | X | . | |
| R3a | 5 (16.7) | R | S | S | S | R | R | - | + | X | . | X |
| R3b | 1 (3.3) | R | S | R | S | R | S | - | - | . | X | . |
| R4 | 4 (13.3) | R | S | S | R | R | R | + | + | X | . | . |
| R5 | 3 (10.0) | R | S | R | R | R | R | + | + | X | . | . |
| Code* | Sampling date | |||||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | |
| AP004 | R1 | . | . | - | . | . | - | . | - | - |
| AP007 | . | R1 | . | . | - | - | . | - | . | . |
| AP010 | . | R4 | . | . | . | . | . | . | R4 | . |
| AP012 | . | - | . | - | - | . | . | R3a | . | - |
| AP016 | - | - | . | R3a | . | . | - | . | . | - |
| AN002 | . | - | . | - | . | - | R1 | . | - | . |
| AN003 | . | R4 | . | R5 | . | . | R4 | . | . | - |
| AN004 | . | . | . | - | . | - | - | . | R1 | . |
| AN005 | . | - | . | . | - | - | . | . | R3a | . |
| AN009 | . | . | - | . | R2b | . | - | . | . | . |
| AN011 | . | - | . | - | . | - | . | . | . | R2a |
| AN015 | - | R1 | R1 | . | . | - | . | - | . | - |
| AN017 | - | R5 | . | . | - | . | - | - | . | . |
| AN019 | - | . | . | . | R5 | . | - | . | - | . |
| BP002 | . | . | - | - | . | - | R1 | . | . | . |
| BP003 | R3b | . | . | R1 | . | - | . | . | - | . |
| BP011 | . | - | - | . | . | . | R2a | . | - | - |
| BP016 | . | . | - | . | R2a | . | - | . | . | - |
| BP018 | R1 | . | . | - | - | . | - | . | - | . |
| BP033 | - | - | - | . | R1 | . | . | . | - | . |
| CP010 | . | . | - | - | . | - | . | . | . | S |
| CP011 | . | . | . | - | . | - | . | - | R1 | . |
| CN003 | . | S | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| CN005 | . | . | - | - | . | . | - | . | R3a | . |
| CN022 | - | . | . | . | R3a | . | . | . | . | . |
© GERMS 2018.
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Loyola, S.; Gutierrez, L.; Avendaño, E.; Severino, N.; Tamariz, J. Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Cell Phones in Five Intensive Care Units: Exploratory Dispersion Analysis. GERMS 2018, 8, 85-91. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1135
Loyola S, Gutierrez L, Avendaño E, Severino N, Tamariz J. Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Cell Phones in Five Intensive Care Units: Exploratory Dispersion Analysis. GERMS. 2018; 8(2):85-91. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1135
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoyola, Steev, Luz Gutierrez, Estrella Avendaño, Nixon Severino, and Jesus Tamariz. 2018. "Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Cell Phones in Five Intensive Care Units: Exploratory Dispersion Analysis" GERMS 8, no. 2: 85-91. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1135
APA StyleLoyola, S., Gutierrez, L., Avendaño, E., Severino, N., & Tamariz, J. (2018). Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Cell Phones in Five Intensive Care Units: Exploratory Dispersion Analysis. GERMS, 8(2), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1135
