Characterization of Resistance to Selected Antibiotics and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus in a Healthy Student Population at a Malaysian University
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Bacterial culture and growth maintenance
Antibiotic susceptibility test
Molecular detection of genes encoding virulence and antimicrobial resistance
Molecular typing of isolates
Statistical analysis
Ethical approval
Results
Bacterial characterization and antibiotics susceptibility testing
Molecular typing
Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence determinants
Discussion
Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References
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| Antibiotic agents | Resistant n (%) | Susceptible n (%) | |
| PEN | Penicillin | 49 (100%) | 0 (0%) |
| FOX | Cefoxitin | 4 (8%) | 45 (92%) |
| OX | Oxacillin | 4 (8%) | 45 (92%) |
| E | Erythromycin | 8 (16%) | 41 (84) |
| DA | Clindamycin | 2 (4%) | 47 (96%) |
| DO | Doxycycline | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| TE | Tetracycline | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| CN | Gentamicin | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| SXT | Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| CIP | Ciprofloxacin | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| MXF | Moxifloxacin | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| TEC | Teicoplanin | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| VA | Vancomycin | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| C | Chloramphenicol | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| QD | Quinupristin/ dalfopristin | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| LZD | Linezolid | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| *TGC | Tigecycline | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| *FD | Fusidic acid | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| *FOS | Fosfomycin | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| MUP | Mupirocin | 0 (0%) | 49 (100%) |
| Total | 49 isolates | ||
| S. aureus isolate | Year | Phenotypic resistance profiles | MLSB phenotype | AMR genes | Virulence genes | spa type | SCCmec type | agr type | |
| MRSA | |||||||||
| 1. | 2012 | PEN, FOX, OX | - | mecA,blaZ | efb, ica, seg, hla, hlg | t186 | III | IV | |
| 2. | 2012 | PEN, FOX, OX, E | iMLSB | mecA, blaZ, msrA | efb, ica, sec, sei, hla, hlg | t701 | I | III | |
| 3. | 2012 | PEN, FOX, OX, E | iMLSB | mecA, blaZ, msrA | pvl, efb, ica, sec, sei, hla, hlg | t145 | I | III | |
| 4. | 2013 | PEN, FOX, OX, E | iMLSB | mecA, blaZ, msrA | efb, ica, seg, hla, hlg | NT | I | III | |
| MSSA | |||||||||
| 1. | 2012 | PEN | - | blaZ | pvl, efb, ica, sec, sei, hla, hlg | t548 | - | IV | |
| 2. | 2012 | PEN | - | blaZ | pvl, efb, ica, see, seg, hla, hlg | t159 | - | III | |
| 3. | 2012 | PEN | - | blaZ | pvl, efb, ica, sea, sei, hla, hlg | t14331 | - | I | |
| 4. | 2012 | PEN | - | blaZ | pvl, efb, ica, sec, sei, hla, hlg | t336 | - | I | |
| 5. | 2012 | PEN | - | blaZ | pvl, efb, ica, see, seg, hla, hlg | t548 | - | I | |
| 6. | 2012 | PEN | - | blaZ | pvl, efb, ica, see, hla, hlg | t026 | - | III | |
| 7. | 2012 | PEN, E | iMLSB | blaZ, msrA | pvl, efb, ica, hla, hlg | t6290 | - | I | |
| 8. | 2013 | PEN, E, DA | cMLSB | blaZ, msrA | efb, ica, hla, hlg | NT | - | III | |
| 9. | 2013 | PEN, E | MS | blaZ | efb, ica, hla, hlg | t1381 | - | III | |
| 10. | 2013 | PEN, E, DA | cMLSB | blaZ, msrA | efb, ica, hla, hlg | t14503 | - | III | |
| 11. | 2013 | PEN, E | iMLSB | blaZ, ermC | efb, ica, hla, hlg | NT | - | I | |
| Antimicrobial resistance genes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gene | MRSA n=4 | MSSA n=11 | Total n=15 | OR | *95%CI | p-value |
| mecA | 4 | 0 | 4 (27%) | - | - - | <0.05 |
| blaZ | 4 | 9 | 13 (87%) | - | - - | 1 |
| ermA | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - - | - |
| ermB | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - - | - |
| ermC | 0 | 1 | 1 (6%) | - | - - | 1 |
| msrA | 3 | 3 | 6 (40%) | 8 | 0.58-110 | 0.24 |
| aac(6′)-aph | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| cfr | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| fusB | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| fusC | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| fusD | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| ileS | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| tetA | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| tetB | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| vanA | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| vanB | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| Virulence genes | ||||||
| Gene | MRSA n=4 | MSSA n=11 | Total n=15 (%) | OR | *95%CI | p-value |
| pvl | 1 | 7 | 8 (53) | 0.58 | 0.04-7.66 | 1 |
| sea | 0 | 1 | 1 (7) | 0 | - - | 1 |
| seb | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| sec | 2 | 2 | 4 (27) | 4.5 | 0.37-54 | 0.52 |
| sed | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| see | 0 | 3 | 3 (20) | 0 | - - | 0.52 |
| seg | 2 | 2 | 4 (27) | 4.5 | 0.37-54 | 0.52 |
| sei | 2 | 3 | 5 (33%) | 2.7 | 0.25-28 | 0.56 |
| sej | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| efb | 4 | 11 | 15 (100) | - | - - | 1 |
| ica | 4 | 11 | 15 (100) | - | - - | 1 |
| hla | 4 | 11 | 15 (100) | - | - - | 1 |
| hlg | 4 | 11 | 15 (100) | - | - - | 1 |
| eta | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| etb | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| etd | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
| sasX | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - |
© GERMS 2018.
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Suhaili, Z.; Rafee, P.’A.; Azis, N.M.; Yeo, C.C.; Nordin, S.A.; Rahim, A.R.A.; Al-Obaidi, M.M.J.; Desa, M.N.M. Characterization of Resistance to Selected Antibiotics and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus in a Healthy Student Population at a Malaysian University. GERMS 2018, 8, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1129
Suhaili Z, Rafee P’A, Azis NM, Yeo CC, Nordin SA, Rahim ARA, Al-Obaidi MMJ, Desa MNM. Characterization of Resistance to Selected Antibiotics and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus in a Healthy Student Population at a Malaysian University. GERMS. 2018; 8(1):21-30. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1129
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuhaili, Zarizal, Putri ’Amira Rafee, Norhidayah Mat Azis, Chew Chieng Yeo, Syafinaz Amin Nordin, Abdul Rachman Abdul Rahim, Mazen M. Jamil Al-Obaidi, and Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa. 2018. "Characterization of Resistance to Selected Antibiotics and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus in a Healthy Student Population at a Malaysian University" GERMS 8, no. 1: 21-30. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1129
APA StyleSuhaili, Z., Rafee, P. ’A., Azis, N. M., Yeo, C. C., Nordin, S. A., Rahim, A. R. A., Al-Obaidi, M. M. J., & Desa, M. N. M. (2018). Characterization of Resistance to Selected Antibiotics and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus in a Healthy Student Population at a Malaysian University. GERMS, 8(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.18683/germs.2018.1129
