An Integrated Membrane Process for Butenes Production
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Membrane Reactor
- (1)
- An equimolecular mixture of n-butane and nitrogen, as in the Al Megren et al. [23] work.
- (2)
- A n-butane/hydrogen mixture, as in the thermodynamics analysis reported below.
2.2 Separation System
3. Results
3.1 Membrane Reactor for n-Butane Conversion
3.2 Plant Schemes for Butenes Production and Capture
3.3 Case Study 1
3.4 Case Study 2
3.5 Case Study 3
3.6 Case Study 4
3.7 Case Studies Summary
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Acronyms
FCC | Fluidized catalytic cracking |
GS | Gas separator |
MR | Membrane reactor |
MREC | Membrane reactor equilibrium conversion |
PI | Process intensification |
TR | Traditional reactor |
TREC | Traditional reactor equilibrium conversion |
Variables
A | Surface area, m2 |
H | Enthalpy, J mol−1 |
K | Equilibrium constant, - |
m | Mole ratio, - |
n | Mole number, - |
n0 | Initial total mole, - |
P | Pressure, bar |
Q | Volumetric flow rate, m3 h−1 |
T | Temperature, °C |
x | Molar fraction, - |
x1 | Conversion dehydrogenation reaction, - |
x2 | Conversion isomerization reaction, - |
z | Fraction of hydrogen permeate, - |
Greek letters
θ | Permeation number, - |
φ | Feed/Permeate pressure ratio, - |
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Moles Number | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n-Butane | Hydrogen | n-Butene | iso-Butene | Inert | |
Initial value | n0 | n0·m | - | - | nInert |
Reaction I | −n0 x1 | n0 x1 | n0 x1 | - | - |
Reaction II | - | - | - n0 x1 x2 | n0 x1 x2 | - |
Permeation | - | -n0 (m + x1) z | - | - | - |
Equilibrium state | n0 (1 − x1) | n0 (m + x1) (1 − z) | n0 x1 (1 − x2) | n0 x1 x2 | - |
Total moles | n0 [1 + m + x1 − m z] + nInert |
Component | C1-C3 | C4 | |||||
iso-Butane | 1-Butene | iso-Butene | trans-2-Butene | cis-2-Butene | 1,3-Butadiene | ||
Selectivity | 0.26 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.24 | 0.2 | 0.11 | 0.06 |
0.74 |
Operating Parameters | Case Study 1 | Case Study 2 | Case Study 3 | Case Study 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Membrane reactor feed pressure | 10 bar | 1.5 bar | ||||||
Membrane reactor feed molar composition | n-C4H10:N2=50:50 | n-C4H10:H2=80:20 | n-C4H10:N2=50:50 | n-C4H10:N2=50:50 | ||||
Gas separation—Feed pressure to GS1 | 10 bar | 10 bar | 15 bar | 10 bar | ||||
Separation stages | θ | φ | θ | φ | θ | φ | θ | φ |
GS1 | 50 | 10 | 580 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 10 |
GS2 | 2.5 | 10 | 0.5 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0.1 | 5 |
GS3 | 2.5 | 10 | 0.57 | 10 | 0.25 | 15 | - | - |
GS4 | - | - | 25 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
Species | Matrimid [26,33,34] | PTMSP [27] | PSf [35] | PSM-Ag+ [28] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Permeance | Selectivity H2/i-Specie | Permeance | Selectivity n-C4H10/i-Specie | Permeance | Selectivity H2/i-Specie | Permeance | Selectivity butenes/i-Specie | |
H2 | 51.7 | 1 | 725 | 38.8 | 3.34 | 1 | 5.6 | 5000 |
N2 | 2.01 | 26 | 1020 | 27.5 | 0.83 | 4 | 5.6 | 5000 |
CH4 | 2.01 | 26 | 1020 | 27.5 | 0.83 | 4 | 5.6 | 5000 |
C2H6 | 0.20 | 258 | 3660 | 7.7 | 0.83 | 4 | 5.6 | 5000 |
C2H4 | 2.01 | 26 | 3660 | 7.7 | 0.83 | 4 | 28,200 | 1 |
C3H8 | 0.088 | 586 | 9240 | 3.1 | 0.016 | 200 | 5.6 | 5000 |
C3H6 | 0.20 | 258 | 9240 | 3.1 | 0.016 | 200 | 28,200 | 1 |
trans-2-C4H8 | 0.201 | 258 | 16,600 | 1.7 | 0.004 | 800 | 28,200 | 1 |
cis-2-C4H8 | 0.201 | 258 | 31,300 | 0.9 | 0.004 | 800 | 28,200 | 1 |
1-C4H8 | 0.129 | 401 | 20,100 | 1.4 | 0.004 | 800 | 28,200 | 1 |
iso-C4H8 | 0.129 | 401 | 20,100 | 1.4 | 0.004 | 800 | 28,200 | 1 |
n-C4H10 | 0.088 | 586 | 28,200 | 1 | 0.004 | 800 | 5.6 | 5000 |
iso-C4H10 | 0.027 | 1900 | 10,800 | 2.6 | 0.004 | 800 | 5.6 | 5000 |
1,3-C4H6 | 0.20 | 258 | 18,800 | 1.5 | 0.004 | 800 | 14,100 | 2 |
Case Study 1 | Case Study 2 | Case Study 3 | Case Study 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed molar ratio | n-C4H10:N2 = 50:50 | n-C4H10:H2 = 80:20 | n-C4H10:N2 = 50:50 | n-C4H10:N2 = 50:50 | ||||
C4 recovery, % | 34.7% | 88.5% | 39.4% | 14% | ||||
C4 molar concentration, % | 99.9% | 80% | 78.4% | 99.3% | ||||
C4 olefins recovery, % | 61.4% | 87.1% | 38.7% | 12.9% | ||||
C4 olefins molar concentration, % | 99.5% | 55.5% | 43.3% | 51.6% | ||||
Production rate, % | 26.6% | 44.9% | 16.6% | 5.5% |
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Melone, L.; Brunetti, A.; Drioli, E.; Barbieri, G. An Integrated Membrane Process for Butenes Production. Processes 2016, 4, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr4040042
Melone L, Brunetti A, Drioli E, Barbieri G. An Integrated Membrane Process for Butenes Production. Processes. 2016; 4(4):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr4040042
Chicago/Turabian StyleMelone, Leonardo, Adele Brunetti, Enrico Drioli, and Giuseppe Barbieri. 2016. "An Integrated Membrane Process for Butenes Production" Processes 4, no. 4: 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr4040042