Dilation Potential Analysis of Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoir under Water Injection in the West Oilfield of the South China Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Material and Scheme
2.1. X-ray Diffraction Experiment
2.2. Laser Particle Size Analysis
2.3. Physical Simulation Experiment of Water Injection Dilation in True Triaxial Rock Mechanics
3. Results
3.1. X-ray Diffraction Experiment
3.2. Laser Particle Size Analysis Results
3.3. Physical Simulation Experiment of Water Injection Dilation in True Triaxial Rock Mechanics
4. Feasibility Analysis of Water Injection Dilation
4.1. Surface Analysis of Samples
4.2. SEM Analysis of Samples
4.3. Three-Dimensional X-ray Microscope Analysis of Samples
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The XRD experiments showed that the minerals in the target reservoir section were mainly quartz and muscovite, and the content was more than 80%. The quartz particles were mostly angular, strongly hydrophilic, and had high dilatation potential. The brittleness analysis of the six groups of samples showed that their brittleness was above 0.65, and the average brittleness was 0.82. Previous scholars have found that the higher the content of brittle minerals in tight sandstone, the higher the brittleness, the easier it is to form fracture zones, and the more favorable the formation of complex fracture zones in water injection dilation development.
- (2)
- The laser particle size analysis experiment showed that the particle size of the target reservoir was mainly between 10 μm and 100 μm, and it could be classified as coarse silt according to the particle size division. According to Folk and Ward, the normal distribution standard deviation was used to judge the sorting grade of the target reservoir, which was found to be suitable for the development of an offshore target reservoir by the water injection dilation technology.
- (3)
- The true triaxial rock mechanics physical simulation experiment of water injection and dilatation showed that there were red areas (dilatation spread areas) on the surface of the sample after water injection, and no obvious cracks appeared in the sample. Electron microscope scans of the red zone of the rock cross-section and different water injection blocks after the test found that there were evident cracks in the block from near the wellbore but no cracks in the block far from the wellbore. At the same time, the 3D X-ray microscope and scanning results confirmed each other, where the more obvious the red area, the greater the fracture probability, while the principal wellbore (no red area) had almost no obvious fracture zone.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
Abbreviations
Variable Symbol | Variable Notes | Unites |
B | Sample brittleness index | - |
ϕ5 | 5% volume fraction | % |
ϕ16 | 16% volume fraction | % |
ϕ84 | 84% volume fraction | % |
ϕ95 | 95% volume fraction | % |
σ | Standard deviation | - |
σ⊥ | vertical principal stress | MPa |
σ⊥1 | Sample 1 vertical principal stress | Mpa |
σ1 | Maximum horizontal principal stress | MPa |
σ2 | Minimum horizontal principal stress | MPa |
σCm | proportion of clay mineral | % |
σH | Sample 1 maximum horizontal principal stress | MPa |
σh | Sample 1 minimum horizontal principal stress | MPa |
σQ | Proportion of quartz | % |
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Simulation Experiment Type | Pore Pressure Pretreatment | Fluid Property | Injection Type of Capacity Dilation |
---|---|---|---|
Pressure-controlled water injection capacity dilation 1 | Nothing | Hot water | Constant displacement |
Pressure-controlled water injection capacity dilation 2 | Nothing | Hot water | Constant displacement |
Pressure-controlled water injection capacity dilation 3 | Constant pressure for 3 h | Hot water | Constant displacement |
Mineral Composition and Content/% | Sample 1 | Sample 2 | Sample 3 | Sample 4 | Sample 5 | Sample 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-clay minerals | Quartz | 54.48 | 42.34 | 61.69 | 47.11 | 62.88 | 70.85 |
Muscovite 2M1 | 20.28 | 23.43 | 12.82 | 12.40 | 16.17 | 12.70 | |
Gismondine | 12.53 | ||||||
Albite | 1.25 | 8.79 | 5.95 | 3.65 | |||
Sanidine | 0.76 | 1.88 | |||||
Siderite | 4.65 | 20.76 | |||||
Orthoclase | 0.55 | 2.96 | |||||
Co-olivine | 1.56 | ||||||
Berlinite | 0.15 | 4.63 | 5.6 | ||||
Lopezite | 2.81 | 3.00 | 5.35 | 1.72 | |||
Cuprite syn | 0.11 | 1.32 | |||||
Anorthoclase | 0.2 | 1.69 | |||||
Total | 89.85 | 81.11 | 88.03 | 88.24 | 89.23 | 92.56 | |
Clay minerals | Kaolinite | 7.62 | 10.87 | 9.03 | 8.16 | 6.67 | 4.53 |
Illite | 2.06 | ||||||
Glauconite | 0.47 | 8.02 | 2.46 | 3.14 | 4.04 | 2.79 | |
Nontronite | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 0.11 | |||
Total | 10.15 | 18.89 | 11.97 | 11.76 | 10.77 | 7.43 |
Serial Number | ϕ5 (mm) | ϕ16 (mm) | ϕ84 (mm) | ϕ95 (mm) | σ1 | Sorting Grade |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.00126 | 0.00288 | 0.07943 | 0.13804 | 0.04 | Excellent |
2 | 0.00191 | 0.00661 | 0.18197 | 0.41687 | 0.11 | Excellent |
3 | 0.00166 | 0.00501 | 0.11701 | 0.23988 | 0.06 | Excellent |
4 | 0.00145 | 0.00380 | 0.09120 | 0.18897 | 0.05 | Excellent |
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Chen, H.; Cao, Y.; Yu, J.; Ma, Y.; Gao, Y.; Wu, S.; Yuan, H.; Zou, M.; Li, D.; Yan, X.; et al. Dilation Potential Analysis of Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoir under Water Injection in the West Oilfield of the South China Sea. Processes 2024, 12, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092015
Chen H, Cao Y, Yu J, Ma Y, Gao Y, Wu S, Yuan H, Zou M, Li D, Yan X, et al. Dilation Potential Analysis of Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoir under Water Injection in the West Oilfield of the South China Sea. Processes. 2024; 12(9):2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092015
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Huan, Yanfeng Cao, Jifei Yu, Yingwen Ma, Yanfang Gao, Shaowei Wu, Hui Yuan, Minghua Zou, Dengke Li, Xinjiang Yan, and et al. 2024. "Dilation Potential Analysis of Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoir under Water Injection in the West Oilfield of the South China Sea" Processes 12, no. 9: 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092015
APA StyleChen, H., Cao, Y., Yu, J., Ma, Y., Gao, Y., Wu, S., Yuan, H., Zou, M., Li, D., Yan, X., & Peng, J. (2024). Dilation Potential Analysis of Low-Permeability Sandstone Reservoir under Water Injection in the West Oilfield of the South China Sea. Processes, 12(9), 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12092015