Assessment of Blast Furnace Slags as a Potential Catalyst in Ozonation to Degrade Bezafibrate: Degradation Study and Kinetic Study via Non-Parametric Modeling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Blast Furnace Slag Application in Pharmaceutical Wastewater Treatment
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical Reagents
2.2. Blast Furnace Slag Source
2.3. Ozonation Procedure
2.4. Analytic Method Analysis
2.5. Non-Parametric Modeling of BZF Degradation to Determine the Ozonation Kinetics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Ozone Consumption and pH Effect
- The ozone molecule (EV: +2.07 V) reacts with hydroxyl ion , obtained as the main products of hydroperoxyl ion and molecular oxygen.
- The next step is the ion hydroperoxyl dissociation into superoxide ion and a proton.
- Then, the ozone reacts with the superoxide ion, yielding the ozonide radical and molecular oxygen.
- Finally, the ozonide radical reacts with water molecule, producing hydroxyl radicals (EV: +2.80 V), hydroxyl ions (EV: +1.50 V) and molecular oxygen.
3.2. Bezafibrate Decomposition Efficiency and pH Effect
- 1.
- Ozone adsorption on the BFS surface: the gaseous ozone is absorbed on the BFS surface.
- 2.
- Decomposition of the ozone adsorbed: the ozone molecule decomposes into molecular oxygen and one reactive oxygen atom, generating reactive species on the BFS surface. The atomic oxygen obtained is highly reactive and it can participate in other reactions.
- 3.
- Oxidation of CaO by oxygen atom: this reaction forms calcium peroxide (CaO2, EV: + 0.70 V).
- 4.
- Molecular oxygen desorption: de oxygen is desorbing from the BFS surface, regenerating CaO molecules, ensuring that the BFS surface is available for new ozone molecules.
- 1.
- Ozone adsorption on BFS MnO2 surface. The gaseous ozone adheres to the BFS surface where MnO2 lies, where the following reactions occurs:
- 2.
- Decomposition of adsorbed ozone. The ozone decomposes in molecular oxygen and one reactive oxygen atom; in this stage species highly reactive are generated to react with MnO2 and other molecules adsorbed in the BFS surface.
- 3.
- MnO2 oxidation: the reactive oxygen atom generated oxidizes MnO2, leading to the formation of a higher valency manganese oxide, Mn2O5(EV= + 1.2 V).
- 4.
- Molecular oxygen desorption: MnO2 is regenerated to allow the reaction cycle to continue, adsorbing more ozone.
3.3. Final Compound Identification
3.4. Kinetic Study of BZF Decomposition via LSTM Modeling
3.5. Blast Furnace Slag XRD Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AOP | Advanced oxidation processes |
BFS | Blast furnace slag |
BZF | Bezafibrate |
BOD5 | Biological oxygen demand at 5th day |
DNN | Differential neural networks |
WWT | Water and wastewater treatment |
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Reference | Type of Slag | Pollutant | Operating Conditions | Main Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Song, 2020) [25] | Composite material of hydrotalcite-like loaded TiO2 (TiO2@ Mg-Al, LDH), prepared from Ti-bearing blast furnace slag (Ti-BFS) | Tetracycline (TC) | TC concentration: 50 mg/L, Ultraviolet lamp 0–5000 W | Ti-bearing composites mass 0.10 mg TiO2@ Mg-Al LDH was layered double hydroxide loading TiO2 structure and doped with metal elements like Fe, Mn, etc., which confers more HO•− h+ density on the surface of TiO2@Mg-Al LDH, and aromatic ring of TC can be attacked more effectively. The TC efficacy removal was up to 90% within 120 min, reaching up to 72% of mineralization degree. |
(Rangappa, 2024) [26] | Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) | Tetracycline (TC) | TC adsorption in GGBS, TCe concentration 20–100 mg/L, 50 mL of aqueous solution at 25 ± 3 °C room temperature, 6000 rpm/10 min, Contact time: 180 min | The higher removal of TC (68%) at an optimum adsorbent and pollutant dosage of 50 mg and 20 ppm. |
(Chen, 2019) [27] | Manganese slag | Salicylic acid | Three-dimensional electrode reactor (TDE) Cell voltages: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 y 30 V pH: 1.00, 3.00, 5.00, 7.00, 9.00, 11.00 Salicylic acid concentration: 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.70 mg/L | The manganese slag as particle electrodes had been successfully loaded on the Cu/Fe and applied on the TDE to degrade Salicylic acid, reaching 76.9% of rate removal. Acetic acid was the main final product obtained. |
(Song, 2022) [28] | Hydrotalcite-like photocatalytic material (denoted CeTL) was prepared from titanium-bearing blast furnace slag (Ti-BFS) | Tetracycline (TC) | Tetracycline (TC) was used to evaluate the photochemical catalytic performance of CeTL under a 300 W Xenon lamp. The catalyst of 20 mg was accurately weighed and added to the TC aqueous solution (20 ppm). | The degradation rate of (TC) by CeTL reached 92.8% after 90 min of illumination. The results of XRD, BET, UV-DRS, VB-XPS, and active species capture indicated that this might be the synergistic effect of good adsorption capacity and enhanced photocatalysis. |
(Fasce, 2023) [29] | Electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) | Bisphenol A (BPA) | BPA concentration: 20 mg/L Temperature of room: 23–24 °C 3 h/1 L Ozone gas flow: 700 mL/min | Ozone concentration: 10 mL/L EAFS improved the mineralization degree of BPA at acidic and alkaline conditions for those achieved in single ozonation processes. The high TOC conversion reached at alkaline pH (80%) was due to the generation of HO•− promoted by OH− combined with precipitation reactions caused by Ca oxides. The improvement in the mineralization level at pH 3 (63%) was attributed to the activity of leached species, mostly Fe and Mn cations. |
(Arzate-Salgado, 2016) [30] | Two metallurgical wastes: one from the copper (COB) and other from the steel (MIT) industries, as Fenton-type photocatalysts | Diclofenac (DCF) | Xe arc lamp at 300–800 nm, and an air-cooled Xe lamp system with 5–6% photon emissions between 290 and 400 nm. Diclofenac concentration of 500 mg/L Stirrer agitated at 250 rpm at 35 °C | Based on the degradation rate constants of DCF, the COB/H2O2/simulated sunlight system showed a better performance than the COB/simulated sunlight system due to the contribution of hydrogen peroxide in the •OH radical production. Complete depletion of DCF was obtained after 90 and 150 min of reaction for the initial concentrations of 30 and 120 mg/L, respectively. The highest mineralization (87%) of this drug was achieved after 300 min of reaction time. |
System | Initial pH |
---|---|
Simple Ozonation Process (SOP) | 5.5 |
Simple Ozonation Process (SOP) | 10 |
BFS + Ozonation Process | 5.5 |
BFS + Ozonation Process | 10 |
Physic | Chemical |
---|---|
Solid | FeO: 40% |
Color gray | CaO: 22% |
Density: 1.67 kg/m3 | SiO2 14% |
Hardness: 7 in Mohs scale | MgO: 8.5% |
Particle size: 3/8–¾ in | Al2O3: 5.3% |
MnO2: 1.6% |
System | Ozone Consumed (mg/L) |
---|---|
SOP pH 5.5 | 75.64 |
SOP pH 10 | 85.27 |
Ozonation pH 5.5 + BFS | 93.63 |
Ozonation pH 10 + BFS | 68.12 |
Reaction System | Reaction Rate Constant, L·mol·s−1 |
---|---|
Oz pH 5.5 | 145.67 |
Oz pH 10.0 | 1489.98 |
Oz pH 5.5 + BFS | 645.67 |
Oz pH 10.0 + BFS | 1689.34 |
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Galina-Licea, A.; Alfaro-Ponce, M.; Chairez, I.; Reyes, E.; Perez-Martínez, A. Assessment of Blast Furnace Slags as a Potential Catalyst in Ozonation to Degrade Bezafibrate: Degradation Study and Kinetic Study via Non-Parametric Modeling. Processes 2024, 12, 1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091998
Galina-Licea A, Alfaro-Ponce M, Chairez I, Reyes E, Perez-Martínez A. Assessment of Blast Furnace Slags as a Potential Catalyst in Ozonation to Degrade Bezafibrate: Degradation Study and Kinetic Study via Non-Parametric Modeling. Processes. 2024; 12(9):1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091998
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalina-Licea, Alexandra, Mariel Alfaro-Ponce, Isaac Chairez, Elizabeth Reyes, and Arizbeth Perez-Martínez. 2024. "Assessment of Blast Furnace Slags as a Potential Catalyst in Ozonation to Degrade Bezafibrate: Degradation Study and Kinetic Study via Non-Parametric Modeling" Processes 12, no. 9: 1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091998
APA StyleGalina-Licea, A., Alfaro-Ponce, M., Chairez, I., Reyes, E., & Perez-Martínez, A. (2024). Assessment of Blast Furnace Slags as a Potential Catalyst in Ozonation to Degrade Bezafibrate: Degradation Study and Kinetic Study via Non-Parametric Modeling. Processes, 12(9), 1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091998