Supply Chain Sustainability in Outer Space: Lessons to Be Learnt from Remote Sites on Earth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Setting supply chains correctly with the purpose of them being neither too advanced (due to the risk of becoming too complex) nor simplistic (due to underdelivering) but “reliable” (just what is needed);
- Consider population increase and, therefore, the need for growth potential of the supply chain in question;
- Adjust life and business to supply chain, but without compromising well-being and social integrity;
- As small-community remote supply chains are intrinsically vulnerable, fast decision-making in a community manner will be useful for debottlenecking if needed (as catastrophes would impact on everyone to the same degree).
2. Methodology
3. Space Supply Chains—State of the Art
Supply Needs and Assets | Eden | SpaceNet | SMORS | MSP | SpaceX | Our Work | Main Off- Earth Site |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NEAR-FUTURE STRATEGIC | |||||||
NUTRITION | |||||||
Food-payload | X | X | X | X | X | Space | |
Food-grown | X | X | Moon/Mars | ||||
Animals | X | Space | |||||
Fertilizers | X | X | Moon/Mars | ||||
MATERIALS | |||||||
Minerals | X | X | Moon | ||||
Metals | X | Asteroids | |||||
Construction materials | X | X | X | X | Moon | ||
Clothes (astronaut suits) | X | Space | |||||
Oxygen | X | X | Moon/Mars | ||||
Water | X | X | X | X | X | X | Moon/Mars |
TRANSPORT | |||||||
Hydrogen-fuel | X | X | X | X | Moon | ||
Methane/propellant | X | X | X | Moon/Mars | |||
Power/batteries | X | Space | |||||
Transport paths | X | X | X | Moon | |||
Vehicles | X | X | X | Moon | |||
Logistic nodes | X | X | X | Space/Moon | |||
COMMUNICATION | |||||||
Communication flow | X | X | X | Space | |||
Network and cybersecurity | X | X | Space | ||||
HEALTH | X | X | Moon/Mars | ||||
LONG-TERM STRATEGIC | |||||||
ECONOMICS | |||||||
Budgetary and schedule risk | X | Space | |||||
Trade | X | X | Moon/Asteroids | ||||
High-quality products | X | Moon | |||||
Brands/Monopoly | X | Moon | |||||
Tariff/currency | X | Moon | |||||
SOCIAL | |||||||
Jobs/labor | X | Space/Moon | |||||
Education | X | X | Moon | ||||
GOVERNANCE | |||||||
Common-pool resources and kin-related group governance | X | ||||||
Investor rights and business | X | Moon/Mars | |||||
No-take zones | X | Moon/Mars | |||||
SELF-SUFFICIENCY | |||||||
Avoid feast and famine cycle | X | Moon/Mars | |||||
Fund for self-sufficiency | X | Moon/Mars | |||||
PRODUCT QUALITY | |||||||
Safety-quality assurance | X | Moon/Mars | |||||
Good manufacturing practice | X | Moon/Mars | |||||
Product safety | X | Moon/Mars | |||||
ENVIRONMENTAL NODES | |||||||
Climate change, deforestation, and soil erosion | X | Moon/Mars | |||||
Water supply, sanitation, solid waste management | X | Space/Moon | |||||
Environmental monitoring | X | X | X | Moon/Mars | |||
PRODUCTS | |||||||
In situ manufacturing | X | Space/Moon | |||||
SPACE LAW | |||||||
International and political risks | X | Moon/Mars |
4. Learning from Remote Earth Sites for Space
4.1. Economics
4.1.1. Wealth of Economics
4.1.2. Abundant Available (Primary) Goods
Element | Low-Ti Mare Soils (%) | High-Ti Mare Soils (%) | Highland Soils (%) | KREEP Soils (%) a |
---|---|---|---|---|
O | 60.26 | 60.30 | 60.82 | 60.47 |
Si | 17.30 | 15.86 | 16.31 | 17.35 |
Al | 5.56 | 5.70 | 10.66 | 6.48 |
Mg | 5.53 | 5.70 | 3.84 | 5.39 |
Ca | 4.44 | 4.60 | 5.92 | 4.43 |
Fe | 5.85 | 5.29 | 1.90 | 4.47 |
Ti | 0.66 | 2.01 | 0.17 | 0.62 |
Na | 0.26 | 0.231 | 0.29 | 0.44 |
K | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.19 |
Mn | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
Oxide | VL-1 (wt %) | VL-2 (wt %) | Pathfinder (wt %) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alkaline | K2O | <0.15 | <0.15 | 0.3 |
Na2O | n.a. | n.a. | 2.1 | |
Cl | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
Alkaline Earth | CaO | 5.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 |
MgO | 6 | 6 | 7 | |
Metal | Fe2O3 | 18.5 | 17.8 | 16.5 |
TiO2 | 0.66 | 0.56 | 1.1 | |
MnO | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
Non-metal | SiO2 | 43 | 43 | 44 |
Al2O3 | 7.3 | 7 | 7.5 | |
P2O5 | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | |
SO3 | 6.6 | 8.1 | 4.9 | |
Total | 89 | 89 | 89.5 |
4.1.3. New Sources of Growth and Broadening the Revenue Base
4.1.4. Manufacture Exceptionally High-Quality Products
4.1.5. Create Brands and Protected Monopoly
4.1.6. From Reliance (Imports) to Resilience: Food and Fuel
4.1.7. Tariff and Currency
4.2. Social and Governance
4.2.1. Jobs and Labor
4.2.2. Education
4.2.3. Avoiding Feast and Famine Cycles and Supply Chain Disruptions
4.2.4. Communal Ownership, Common-Pool Resources, and Kin-Related Group Governance
4.2.5. General Fund for Self-Sufficiency
4.2.6. Investor Rights, Access to Land, and Business Registration
4.2.7. No-Take Zones to Protect Vulnerable Ecosystems
4.3. Safety, Quality Assurance & Health
4.3.1. Diseases
4.3.2. Good Manufacturing Practices
4.3.3. Product Safety and Audits
4.4. Environmental
4.4.1. Climate Change, Deforestation, and Soil Erosion
4.4.2. Water Supply, Sanitation, Solid Waste Management, and Land and Environmental Degradation
4.4.3. Steady-State Adjustment of Population and Resource Stocks
4.4.4. Environmental Monitoring
4.5. Transport/Supply Chain
4.5.1. Infrastructure Gaps and Local Transport
4.5.2. In Situ Manufacturing
4.5.3. Supply Chain Inventory
4.5.4. Supply Chain Infrastructure
4.5.5. Transport: Vehicles and Services
4.6. Supplementing Current Space Supply Chain Concepts with In-Practice Sustainability Principles from Remote Islands on Earth
5. Conclusions
- to improve inward/outward materials flow to foster economics (Figure 2);
- to develop technologies for the provision of indispensable products from abundant raw materials (Figure 3);
- to survive in environments with low contents of organic material (carbon) but rich in minerals (Moon/Mars) or rich in air/water (remote Earth sites) (Figure 4);
- to understand the local resources and circularly extract these (Figure 4);
- to produce high-quality products (Figure 5);
- to identify shortcomings of learning in small, isolated societies and to provide countermeasures to finally achieve good learning (Figure 6a);
- to use resources circularly and to adjust demand (population growth) to production and resupply (of goods) (Figure 6b);
- to facilitate effective decision-making in a small and hostile environment (Figure 7);
- to provide elemental manufacturing according to local resource opportunities and to adjust human life to it (Figure 8);
- to design local transportation based on local infrastructure needs and concepts (Figure 9a);
- to structure a supply chain with adequate frequencies from multiple nodes. Supply chains with one or a few nodes operating sporadically carry the risk of interruptions (Figure 9b);
- that better logistics will promote node and supply chain connection (Figure 10);
- to develop a holistic logistics concept based on nodes (Figure 11);
- to develop advanced life support systems (Figure 12);
- that human and goods mobility by transport is essential for the supply chain; while limited on islands in vast oceans, space settlements have better opportunities (Figure 13).
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Supply Chain Parts | Definition | Components of Each Part |
---|---|---|
Processes | Description of activities that take place in the supply chain. | Planning, execution, and enabling processes. |
Performance measures | Tools for measuring and assessment of supply chain performance. | Key performance indicators and metrics. |
Material flow | Movement of materials from upstream to downstream of the supply chain | All the materials, the transitions, and the flows involved. |
Information and information flow | Definition of the aspects required for planning, executing, and enabling the supply chain. | Information is necessary for the performance and the different flows. |
Information and process interdependencies | Relations between different processes and supply chain actors. | Interdependencies regarding information and processes. |
Objects flow | Explanation about objects and their interactions. | Objects, their transitions, flows, and relations across the supply chain. |
Information resources and application systems | Determination of all the information sources and enterprise application systems throughout the supply chain. | Information, data structure, and information resources interactions. |
Decisions | Planning, execution, and management aspects of the supply chain. | Decisions, information required for decisions, and decision-making processes. |
Complex interactions | Description of relations taking place at all levels of the supply chain. | Interactions between partners, processes, material, information, decisions, etc. |
Best practices | Identification and definition of activities, interdependences, and prerequisites of practices. | Best techniques, operational procedures, business models, or technology. |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Varon Hoyos, M.; Hessel, V.; Salas, E.; Culton, J.; Robertson, K.; Laybourn, A.; Escribà-Gelonch, M.; Cook, N.; de Zwart, M. Supply Chain Sustainability in Outer Space: Lessons to Be Learnt from Remote Sites on Earth. Processes 2024, 12, 2105. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102105
Varon Hoyos M, Hessel V, Salas E, Culton J, Robertson K, Laybourn A, Escribà-Gelonch M, Cook N, de Zwart M. Supply Chain Sustainability in Outer Space: Lessons to Be Learnt from Remote Sites on Earth. Processes. 2024; 12(10):2105. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102105
Chicago/Turabian StyleVaron Hoyos, Manuel, Volker Hessel, Eduardo Salas, John Culton, Karen Robertson, Andrea Laybourn, Marc Escribà-Gelonch, Nigel Cook, and Melissa de Zwart. 2024. "Supply Chain Sustainability in Outer Space: Lessons to Be Learnt from Remote Sites on Earth" Processes 12, no. 10: 2105. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102105