Analyzing SPIF Product Characteristics Using Full Factorial Design-Integrated PCA Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experiment Setup
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Force Measurement
2.2.2. Profile Accuracy Measurement
2.2.3. Measuring Strain
2.2.4. Measuring Roughness
2.3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Al % | Fe % | Si % | Ti % | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 99.5 | 0.368 | 0.0480 | 0.0216 | 0.0624 |
2 | 99.5 | 0.360 | 0. 0496 | 0.0205 | 0.0007 |
Material Code |
Yield Strength (MPa) | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation at Break | Young Modulus E (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AA1050-H14 | 108 | 117.5 | 8.45% | 67,648 |
Annotation | Process Parameter (Factor) | Low Level | High Level |
---|---|---|---|
TD | Tool diameter (mm) | 10 | 20 |
FR | Feed rate (mm/min) | 500 | 1000 |
SS | Step size (mm) | 0.5 | 1 |
ST | Sheet thickness (mm) | 1 | 2 |
Serial | TD mm | FR mm/min | SS mm | ST mm | NC1 | NC2 | NC3 | AW mm | MW mm | AE Degrees | DE mm | Ra µm | Rt µm | MPST | MPS MPa | MT | Fz KN | Fx KN | Fy KN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 1000 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.061 | 0.072 | 0.098 | 0.52 | 0.84 | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.55 | 5.25 | 0.82 | 163 | 0.58 | 1.60 | 0.70 | 0.69 |
2 | 10 | 500 | 1 | 1 | 0.058 | 0.070 | 0.095 | 0.38 | 0.56 | −1.31 | 1.42 | 1.75 | 15.63 | 0.81 | 162 | 0.57 | 0.43 | 0.29 | 0.27 |
3 | 20 | 500 | 1 | 2 | 0.059 | 0.074 | 0.097 | 0.73 | 1.26 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.68 | 8.75 | 0.81 | 163 | 0.59 | 1.67 | 0.99 | 0.86 |
4 | 10 | 500 | 1 | 1 | 0.061 | 0.077 | 0.107 | 0.50 | 0.81 | 0.88 | −0.73 | 2.10 | 20.25 | 0.84 | 163 | 0.57 | 0.53 | 0.32 | 0.33 |
5 | 20 | 500 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.061 | 0.076 | 0.098 | 0.54 | 0.96 | 0.75 | 1.85 | 0.55 | 7.38 | 0.83 | 165 | 0.62 | 1.42 | 0.72 | 0.71 |
6 | 10 | 500 | 1 | 2 | 0.060 | 0.063 | 0.101 | 0.53 | 0.88 | 1.66 | −1.89 | 2.08 | 17.88 | 0.72 | 156 | 0.55 | 1.49 | 0.83 | 0.87 |
7 | 20 | 500 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.059 | 0.078 | 0.095 | 0.39 | 0.67 | −0.47 | 0.92 | 0.40 | 3.75 | 0.97 | 172 | 0.64 | 0.49 | 0.32 | 0.31 |
8 | 10 | 1000 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.051 | 0.072 | 0.098 | 0.34 | 0.48 | 0.03 | −0.55 | 1.98 | 18.88 | 0.79 | 161 | 0.58 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.22 |
9 | 20 | 1000 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.056 | 0.073 | 0.094 | 0.40 | 0.68 | −0.41 | 0.91 | 0.43 | 5.00 | 0.87 | 161 | 0.57 | 0.69 | 0.32 | 0.34 |
10 | 10 | 1000 | 1 | 2 | 0.058 | 0.073 | 0.104 | 1.01 | 1.45 | 1.17 | −1.99 | 2.30 | 19.38 | 0.74 | 158 | 0.56 | 1.58 | 0.78 | 0.89 |
11 | 10 | 500 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.057 | 0.073 | 0.106 | 0.43 | 0.81 | −0.05 | −1.63 | 1.40 | 15.75 | 0.76 | 160 | 0.59 | 0.46 | 0.20 | 0.21 |
12 | 10 | 1000 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.059 | 0.074 | 0.110 | 0.99 | 1.46 | 0.40 | −1.66 | 2.10 | 16.75 | 0.73 | 157 | 0.55 | 1.29 | 0.57 | 0.55 |
13 | 10 | 500 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.059 | 0.078 | 0.103 | 0.43 | 0.78 | −0.03 | −1.56 | 1.45 | 14.25 | 0.77 | 158 | 0.54 | 0.43 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
14 | 20 | 1000 | 1 | 2 | 0.051 | 0.075 | 0.097 | 0.94 | 1.42 | 1.13 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 8.50 | 0.82 | 162 | 0.58 | 1.76 | 0.87 | 0.90 |
15 | 20 | 500 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.054 | 0.068 | 0.094 | 0.48 | 0.77 | 0.96 | 1.51 | 0.60 | 6.63 | 0.86 | 165 | 0.6 | 1.64 | 0.78 | 0.77 |
16 | 20 | 1000 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.053 | 0.079 | 0.097 | 0.61 | 0.95 | 0.61 | 0.95 | 0.53 | 5.63 | 0.86 | 165 | 0.59 | 1.64 | 0.68 | 0.71 |
17 | 10 | 1000 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.058 | 0.073 | 0.095 | 0.33 | 0.67 | −0.42 | −0.91 | 2.30 | 19.88 | 0.76 | 158 | 0.57 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.19 |
18 | 20 | 500 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.061 | 0.072 | 0.096 | 0.35 | 0.56 | −0.16 | 2.38 | 0.58 | 5.75 | 0.97 | 174 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.32 | 0.32 |
19 | 10 | 500 | 1 | 2 | 0.060 | 0.069 | 0.110 | 0.85 | 1.46 | 0.38 | −2.01 | 1.98 | 18.88 | 0.74 | 158 | 0.56 | 0.72 | 0.38 | 0.38 |
20 | 20 | 1000 | 1 | 1 | 0.054 | 0.064 | 0.100 | 0.68 | 1.48 | 0.68 | 1.64 | 0.40 | 4.00 | 0.8 | 162 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.37 | 0.38 |
21 | 10 | 500 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.049 | 0.074 | 0.098 | 0.93 | 1.49 | 0.60 | −1.46 | 2.35 | 19.38 | 0.7 | 155 | 0.55 | 1.26 | 0.51 | 0.54 |
22 | 10 | 1000 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.050 | 0.072 | 0.096 | 0.97 | 1.38 | 0.32 | −1.45 | 2.50 | 18.63 | 0.73 | 156 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.20 | 0.24 |
23 | 10 | 1000 | 1 | 2 | 0.057 | 0.076 | 0.102 | 0.83 | 1.16 | 1.00 | −1.81 | 1.88 | 14.75 | 0.72 | 157 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.26 | 0.27 |
24 | 20 | 1000 | 1 | 2 | 0.059 | 0.074 | 0.098 | 0.75 | 1.19 | 1.07 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 11.13 | 0.84 | 164 | 0.59 | 1.63 | 0.86 | 0.87 |
25 | 20 | 500 | 1 | 1 | 0.059 | 0.075 | 0.100 | 0.49 | 0.76 | 0.86 | 0.60 | 0.40 | 3.88 | 0.87 | 164 | 0.58 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
26 | 20 | 1000 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.054 | 0.068 | 0.090 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.16 | 1.74 | 0.43 | 4.50 | 0.98 | 172 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.31 | 0.30 |
27 | 20 | 500 | 1 | 1 | 0.054 | 0.074 | 0.103 | 0.40 | 0.56 | 0.12 | 1.83 | 0.40 | 3.63 | 0.84 | 164 | 0.59 | 0.24 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
28 | 20 | 1000 | 1 | 1 | 0.055 | 0.075 | 0.104 | 0.42 | 0.74 | 0.11 | 1.72 | 0.43 | 4.63 | 0.89 | 167 | 0.61 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
29 | 20 | 500 | 1 | 2 | 0.051 | 0.076 | 0.102 | 0.92 | 1.33 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.90 | 12.13 | 0.86 | 165 | 0.58 | 0.87 | 0.42 | 0.45 |
30 | 10 | 1000 | 1 | 1 | 0.060 | 0.065 | 0.095 | 0.43 | 0.65 | 0.35 | −0.33 | 2.03 | 15.88 | 0.86 | 165 | 0.59 | 0.54 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
31 | 10 | 1000 | 1 | 1 | 0.056 | 0.076 | 0.097 | 0.59 | 0.88 | −0.09 | −1.49 | 1.88 | 16.63 | 0.78 | 161 | 0.59 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 0.11 |
32 | 10 | 500 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.056 | 0.074 | 0.099 | 0.85 | 1.33 | 0.78 | −1.42 | 2.25 | 20.25 | 0.72 | 156 | 0.54 | 0.47 | 0.22 | 0.26 |
NC1 | NC2 | NC3 | AW | MW | AE | DE | Ra | Rt | MPST | MPS | MT | Fz | Fx | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC2 | −0.055 | |||||||||||||
NC3 | 0.230 | 0.171 | ||||||||||||
AW | −0.296 | 0.124 | 0.362 | |||||||||||
MW | −0.234 | 0.046 | 0.398 | 0.951 | ||||||||||
AE | 0.007 | −0.105 | 0.239 | 0.537 | 0.535 | |||||||||
DE | −0.033 | −0.028 | −0.481 | −0.450 | −0.410 | −0.184 | ||||||||
Ra | −0.016 | −0.120 | 0.294 | 0.357 | 0.288 | 0.001 | −0.855 | |||||||
Rt | −0.000 | −0.065 | 0.345 | 0.363 | 0.310 | 0.037 | −0.850 | 0.968 | ||||||
MPST | 0.113 | 0.073 | −0.457 | −0.562 | −0.583 | −0.270 | 0.803 | −0.750 | −0.748 | |||||
MPS | 0.152 | 0.060 | −0.406 | −0.525 | −0.538 | −0.229 | 0.805 | −0.732 | −0.722 | 0.969 | ||||
MT | 0.153 | 0.040 | −0.413 | −0.513 | −0.503 | −0.242 | 0.734 | −0.666 | −0.659 | 0.859 | 0.935 | |||
Fz | 0.022 | −0.048 | −0.043 | 0.448 | 0.457 | 0.643 | 0.060 | −0.151 | −0.096 | −0.135 | −0.094 | −0.072 | ||
Fx | 0.103 | −0.096 | −0.062 | 0.387 | 0.408 | 0.638 | 0.118 | −0.194 | −0.123 | −0.071 | −0.022 | 0.001 | 0.974 | |
Fy | 0.068 | −0.098 | −0.041 | 0.432 | 0.443 | 0.667 | 0.072 | −0.150 | −0.084 | −0.106 | −0.062 | −0.041 | 0.979 | 0.991 |
PC1 | PC2 | PC3 | |
---|---|---|---|
AE | 0.899 | ||
Fz | 0.885 | ||
AW | 0.720 | ||
Ra | 0.931 | ||
MPST | −0.814 | ||
NC1 | 0.486 | ||
NC2 | 0.876 | ||
NC3 | 0.659 | ||
Eigenvalue | 2.267 | 2.168 | 1.274 |
Contribution | 0.283 | 0.271 | 0.159 |
Cumulative | 0.283 | 0.554 | 0.714 |
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Ragab, A.E. Analyzing SPIF Product Characteristics Using Full Factorial Design-Integrated PCA Approach. Processes 2023, 11, 1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041254
Ragab AE. Analyzing SPIF Product Characteristics Using Full Factorial Design-Integrated PCA Approach. Processes. 2023; 11(4):1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041254
Chicago/Turabian StyleRagab, Adham E. 2023. "Analyzing SPIF Product Characteristics Using Full Factorial Design-Integrated PCA Approach" Processes 11, no. 4: 1254. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11041254