Genotype-Specific Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Microbial Co-Detections in HPV-Positive Women from Southern Croatia
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AIC | Akaike Information Criterion |
CE-IVD | Conformité Européenne—In Vitro Diagnostic |
CIN 2 | Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 2 |
CIN 3 | Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Grade 3 |
CT | Chlamydia trachomatis |
DALY | Disability-Adjusted Life Year |
GV | Gardnerella vaginalis |
HPV | Human Papillomavirus |
HR | High Risk |
IQR | Interquartile Range |
MG | Mycoplasma genitalium |
MH | Mycoplasma hominis |
NG | Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
OR | Odds Ratio |
Pap | Papanicolaou |
PCR | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
SE | Standard Error |
STI | Sexually Transmitted Infection |
UU | Ureaplasma urealyticum |
TV | Trichomonas vaginalis |
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HPV Genotype | Counts | % of Total High-Risk HPV-Positive Women (N = 1211) | % of Total Genotypes (N = 1833) |
---|---|---|---|
16 | 282 | 23.3% | 15.4% |
18 | 98 | 8.1% | 5.3% |
31 | 271 | 22.4% | 14.8% |
33 | 87 | 7.2% | 4.7% |
35 | 45 | 3.7% | 2.5% |
39 | 87 | 7.2% | 4.7% |
45 | 72 | 5.9% | 3.9% |
51 | 164 | 13.5% | 8.9% |
52 | 133 | 11.0% | 7.3% |
56 | 140 | 11.6% | 7.6% |
58 | 98 | 8.1% | 5.3% |
59 | 97 | 8.0% | 5.3% |
66 | 146 | 12.1% | 8.0% |
68 | 113 | 9.3% | 6.2% |
High-Risk HPV Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age Group | 18/45 | 16 High Risk | 16-Related | Lower Risk | Total |
29 or under | 109 | 183 | 393 | 467 | 1152 |
30 or over | 61 | 99 | 241 | 280 | 681 |
Total | 170 | 282 | 634 | 747 | 1833 |
p-value | 0.835 |
HPV Groups | Predictor | Estimate | SE | Z | p-Value | OR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
16 high-risk—18/45 | Intercept | 0.5626 | 0.169 | 3.336 | <0.001 | 1.755 |
CT: | ||||||
P—N | −0.6578 | 0.531 | −1.239 | 0.215 | 0.518 | |
MG: | ||||||
P—N | −0.3040 | 0.946 | −0.321 | 0.748 | 0.738 | |
Mh: | ||||||
P—N | −0.1740 | 0.471 | −0.369 | 0.712 | 0.840 | |
Uu: | ||||||
P—N | −0.0786 | 0.407 | −0.193 | 0.847 | 0.924 | |
GV: | ||||||
P—N | 0.8512 | 0.475 | 1.791 | 0.073 | 2.343 | |
16-related—18/45 | Intercept | 1.3876 | 0.151 | 9.195 | <0.001 | 4.005 |
CT: | ||||||
P—N | −0.9583 | 0.479 | −2.000 | 0.045 | 0.384 | |
MG: | ||||||
P—N | −1.0822 | 0.941 | −1.150 | 0.250 | 0.339 | |
Mh: | ||||||
P—N | −0.1778 | 0.425 | −0.418 | 0.676 | 0.837 | |
Uu: | ||||||
P—N | −0.2572 | 0.371 | −0.694 | 0.488 | 0.773 | |
GV: | ||||||
P—N | 0.9619 | 0.441 | 2.180 | 0.029 | 2.617 | |
Lower risk—18/45 | Intercept | 1.6403 | 0.147 | 11.134 | <0.001 | 5.157 |
CT: | ||||||
P—N | −1.2722 | 0.474 | −2.684 | 0.007 | 0.280 | |
MG: | ||||||
P—N | −0.4983 | 0.822 | −0.606 | 0.544 | 0.608 | |
Mh: | ||||||
P—N | 0.1108 | 0.408 | 0.271 | 0.786 | 1.117 | |
Uu: | ||||||
P—N | −0.1185 | 0.357 | −0.332 | 0.740 | 0.888 | |
GV: | ||||||
P—N | 0.8316 | 0.434 | 1.916 | 0.055 | 2.297 |
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Kaliterna, V.; Meštrović, T.; Čorić-Mesarić, M.; Božičević, I. Genotype-Specific Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Microbial Co-Detections in HPV-Positive Women from Southern Croatia. Biomedicines 2025, 13, 2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092100
Kaliterna V, Meštrović T, Čorić-Mesarić M, Božičević I. Genotype-Specific Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Microbial Co-Detections in HPV-Positive Women from Southern Croatia. Biomedicines. 2025; 13(9):2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092100
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaliterna, Vanja, Tomislav Meštrović, Mirjana Čorić-Mesarić, and Ivana Božičević. 2025. "Genotype-Specific Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Microbial Co-Detections in HPV-Positive Women from Southern Croatia" Biomedicines 13, no. 9: 2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092100
APA StyleKaliterna, V., Meštrović, T., Čorić-Mesarić, M., & Božičević, I. (2025). Genotype-Specific Distribution of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Microbial Co-Detections in HPV-Positive Women from Southern Croatia. Biomedicines, 13(9), 2100. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13092100