Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes in the Immune Response against Tuberculosis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Granuloma and Cytokines
4. Role of GSH during Ferroptosis and in Macrophages
5. Natural Killer Cells
6. T Cells
7. GSH in HIV Patients
8. GSH in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
9. Clinical Trials Using GSH as Adjunct Therapy
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Cytokine | Functions |
---|---|---|
T helper 1 | IFN-γ | Activates macrophages and induces differentiation; stimulates NK cells and neutrophils |
TNF-α | Produced predominately by macrophages, induces necrosis or apoptosis | |
IL-12 | Induces production of IFN-γ and Th1 T cell response, and forms a link between innate and adaptive immune responses; activates NK cells | |
IL-2 | Enhances T cell viability and proliferation; enhances the generation of effector and memory cells; activates NK cells | |
Pro-inflammatory | IL-17 | Cytokine that links T cell activation to neutrophil mobilization and activation |
IL-6 | Elevated in chronic inflammation and high oxidative stress; recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages | |
Anti-inflammatory | IL-10 | Immunosuppressive cytokine; inhibits IFN-γ and IL-12 production |
TGF-β | Immunosuppressive cytokine; inhibits T cell proliferation and function |
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Abnousian, A.; Vasquez, J.; Sasaninia, K.; Kelley, M.; Venketaraman, V. Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes in the Immune Response against Tuberculosis. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051340
Abnousian A, Vasquez J, Sasaninia K, Kelley M, Venketaraman V. Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes in the Immune Response against Tuberculosis. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(5):1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051340
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbnousian, Arbi, Joshua Vasquez, Kayvan Sasaninia, Melissa Kelley, and Vishwanath Venketaraman. 2023. "Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes in the Immune Response against Tuberculosis" Biomedicines 11, no. 5: 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051340
APA StyleAbnousian, A., Vasquez, J., Sasaninia, K., Kelley, M., & Venketaraman, V. (2023). Glutathione Modulates Efficacious Changes in the Immune Response against Tuberculosis. Biomedicines, 11(5), 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051340