Next Article in Journal
COVID-19 Associated Vasculitis Confirmed by the Tissues RT-PCR: A Case Series Report
Previous Article in Journal
ADCY7 mRNA Is a Novel Biomarker in HPV Infection and Cervical High-Grade Squamous Lesions or Higher
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Biomedicines
Volume 11
Issue 3
10.3390/biomedicines11030869
biomedicines-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Real-World Efficacy of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist, Dulaglutide, on Metabolic Parameters in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study

by
Hisayuki Katsuyama
*,
Mariko Hakoshima
,
Shohei Umeyama
,
Sakura Iida
,
Hiroki Adachi
and
Hidekatsu Yanai
Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Chiba 272-8516, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2023, 11(3), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030869
Submission received: 22 February 2023 / Revised: 6 March 2023 / Accepted: 10 March 2023 / Published: 13 March 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Metabolism Research)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) dulaglutide has been shown to improve body weight and glycemic control and reduce major cardiovascular (CV) events. In Japan, dulaglutide is used at a fixed dose of 0.75 mg, which is lower than that in Europe and North America. However, the reports of real-world efficacy on metabolic parameters in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are limited. This study aimed to examine the real-world efficacy of GLP-1RA dulaglutide on metabolic parameters in Japanese patients with T2DM. We retrospectively selected patients with T2DM who had been prescribed dulaglutide continuously for 12 months or longer between September 2015 and December 2020 and compared metabolic parameters at baseline with the data at 12 months after the start of dulaglutide. One hundred twenty-one patients were enrolled in this study. The 12-month dulaglutide treatment reduced body weight by 1.7 kg and hemoglobin A1c by 1.1%. Significant improvements were also observed in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG) and non-HDL-C. The change in HbA1c during dulaglutide treatment was significantly correlated with the changes in HDL-C (R = −0.236, p = 0.013), LDL-C (R = 0.377, p = 0.005) and non-HDL-C (R = 0.415, p < 0.001). The improvements in HbA1c, HDL-C, TG and non-HDL-C were greater in patients concurrently treated with SGLT2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) at baseline. In conclusion, the treatment with dulaglutide has beneficial effects on multiple CV risk factors in Japanese patients with T2DM.

1. Introduction

The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, and the situation is critical in Asia. It was estimated that 90 million adults in Southeast Asia suffered from diabetes in 2010, and the number was expected to reach 113 million by 2030 [1]. Despite recent developments in pharmacotherapy, the life expectancy of diabetes was shorter than the general population [2].
One of the leading causes of mortality in patients with diabetes is cardiovascular (CV) disease. CV diseases accounted for 14.9% of deaths in Japanese patients with diabetes [2]. Large-scale trials suggested the importance of interventions against CV risk factors such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and obesity to prevent CV diseases in patients with diabetes [3].
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone that is secreted by enteroendocrine cells and promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Dulaglutide is one of the human GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), administered as a once-weekly subcutaneous injection, and is used worldwide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) [4]. Previous reports revealed that dulaglutide improved glycemic control with a lower risk of hypoglycemia and was associated with weight loss [5]. Moreover, in a large-scale randomized placebo-controlled study (REWIMD trial), dulaglutide reduced three-point major adverse CV events in patients with T2DM with a high risk of CV diseases [6].
Although dulaglutide is used at a fixed dose of 0.75 mg in Japan, which is lower than the doses that range from 0.75 mg to 4.5 mg in Western countries, improvements in glycemic control and obesity by dulaglutide were observed in Japanese patients with T2DM in several clinical trials [7,8,9]. However, the number of reports on real-world efficacy in Japanese patients with T2DM is limited. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of dulaglutide on various metabolic conditions such as hyperglycemia, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetic nephropathy and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Population

We selected patients with T2DM who had been prescribed dulaglutide continuously at a fixed dose of 0.75 mg for 12 months or longer between 1 September 2015 and 31 December 2020 by a chart-based analysis. We compared retrospectively the data at baseline with the data at 12 months after the dulaglutide treatment started.

2.2. Data Collection

The data on anthropometric measurements, blood tests, urine tests and medications were obtained from medical charts. The anthropometric measurements, such as body weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure, were conducted according to the clinical standards. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by body weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. The results of blood tests included both fasting and postprandial samplings. Plasma glucose was obtained using the hexokinase method. Serum hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), serum creatinine, serum total cholesterol (TC) and serum triglyceride (TG) were measured by enzymatic assays. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and serum HDL-C were determined by a direct method. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum γ-glutamyl transferase (γGTP) were measured by the Japan Society of Clinical Chemistry transferable method. Urinary albumin was measured by turbidimetric immunoassay, and the albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the following formula: eGFR = 194 × (serum creatinine − 1.094) × (age − 0.287) × (0.739, if female) [10]. Non-HDL-C was calculated as the difference between TC and HDL-C. Hepatic steatosis index (HSI) was calculated as 8 × (ALT/AST) + BMI + (2, if diabetes mellitus) + (2, if female) [11]. NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) was calculated as −1.675  +  0.037 × age (years) + 0.094 × body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) + 1.13 × DM (yes = 1, no = 0) + 0.99 × AST/ALT ratio − 0.013 × platelet count (×109/L) − 0.66 × albumin (g/dL) [12]. FIB-4 index was calculated as a marker of hepatic fibrosis, using the following formula: (age × AST)/(platelet counts (× 109/L) × (ALT)1/2 [13,14].

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Comparison of the variables before and after the dulaglutide treatment was analyzed by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Pearson’s simple correlation coefficients were performed to determine the correlations between the parameters. All data are expressed as mean ± SD, and p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23 (IBM, US).

3. Results

3.1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients Studied

We found 197 patients who had been first prescribed dulaglutide between 1 September 2015 and 31 December 2020. Among them, 25 patients did not visit our hospital regularly. Five patients died during the observational period due to cancer (n = 3), cerebral infarction (n = 1) and pneumonia (n = 1). In 22 patients, dulaglutide prescription was suspended and switched to other antihyperglycemic agents in 18 patients (insulin 1, other GLP-1RAs 2, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors 13, metformin 1 and SGLT2 inhibitor 1). We also excluded 24 patients due to lack of sufficient data. Thus, we enrolled 121 patients in this study.
The baseline characteristics of the patients are presented in Table 1. Dulaglutide was administered at a dose of 0.75 mg in all patients. The mean age of the patients was 64.7 ± 15.6 years, and the mean BMI was 26.8 ± 5.7 kg/m2. Among the hypoglycemic agents, metformin was mostly used (47.9%), followed by SGLT2 inhibitors (43.0%) and Thiazolidinedione (30.0%). Insulin was used in 28 patients (23.1%). The most prescribed drug for hypertension was calcium channel blockers (47.9%) followed by angiotensin II receptor blockers (41.3%). Of all patients, 54.5% received statins. Antiplatelet drugs were prescribed in 18 patients (14.9%).

3.2. Changes in Metabolic Parameters during 12-Month Dulaglutide Parameters

Changes in metabolic parameters at 12 months after the start of dulaglutide are shown in Table 2. HbA1c decreased by 1.1%, and the body weight decreased by 1.7 kg during 12-month dulaglutide therapy. Significant improvements were also observed in systolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, serum albumin, HDL-C, TG and non-HDL-C. Serum γGTP and NFS were also improved, whereas HSI and FIB-4 index were not changed during the dulaglutide treatment. There were also no significant changes in eGFR, uric acid and ACR.
Table 3 shows the gender differences in the changes in metabolic parameters during the 12-month dulaglutide treatment. Significant improvements in plasma glucose, HbA1c, γGTP and NFS were observed in both male and female patients. Body weight and BMI were improved significantly in males, and there were the same tendencies in females. Serum TG and non-HDL-C levels decreased only in males, whereas HDL-C levels increased only in females.

3.3. Correlations between the Baseline and the Changes in Metabolic Parameters

The significant correlations between the baseline values and the changes during 12 months of dulaglutide treatment were observed in NFS (R = −0.265, p = 0.007), the FIB-4 index (R = −0.325, p < 0.001) and ACR (R = −0.473, p < 0.001) (Figure 1). The same tendency was also observed in HSI (R = −0.224, p = 0.064).

3.4. Correlations among the Changes in Metabolic Parameters

The correlations between the changes in metabolic parameters during the 12-month dulaglutide treatment are provided in Table 4. The changes in HbA1c were significantly correlated with the changes in HDL-C (R = −0.236, p = 0.013), LDL-C (R = 0.377, p = 0.005) and non-HDL-C (R = 0.415, p < 0.001). Nevertheless, the change in BMI was not correlated with the changes in HbA1c, TC, LDL-C and non-HDL-C. The change in HSI was correlated with the change in BMI, but not with the change in NFS or the FIB-4 index.

3.5. Subgroup Analysis in Patients with or without Insulin Treatment

We analyzed the changes in metabolic parameters in the subgroups with or without insulin treatments (Table 5), since insulin has anabolic effects and is associated with weight gain [15]. In patients with insulin treatment, significant decreases were observed only in HbA1c, TC, non-HDL-C and NFS, whereas there were significant increases in diastolic blood pressure and uric acid levels. In patients without insulin treatment, there were significant improvements in body weight, BMI, systolic blood pressure, plasma glucose, HbA1c, γGTP, HDL-C, uric acid and NFS.

3.6. Subgroup Analysis in Patients with or without SGLT2i Treatment

Since SGLT2 inhibitors were previously reported to reduce body weight and improve glycemia, dyslipidemia and liver function [16,17,18], we divided the patients into two subgroups under the treatments with or without SGLT2 inhibitors and analyzed the changes in metabolic parameters during the 12-month dulaglutide treatment (Table 6). Significant improvements in body weight, plasma glucose, HbA1c and NFS were observed in both groups. TC, HDL-C, TG and non-HDL-C were improved only in the patients with the treatment with SGLT2i. There were no significant changes in HSI, the FIB-4 index and ACR in both groups.

4. Discussion

In this study, we examined the real-world efficacy of once-weekly subcutaneous dulaglutide on metabolic parameters in Japanese patients with T2DM. The dulaglutide treatment was associated with improvement in obesity, glycemia and atherogenic lipid profile.
Reductions from baseline in HbA1c and body weight in dulaglutide-treated patients were consistent with previous clinical trials. It was reported that the 52-month dulaglutide treatment with a single oral hypoglycemic agent in Japanese patients with T2DM decreased HbA1c by 1.57% to 1.69% [7]. The other study also showed a reduction in HbA1c by 1.39% after the 52-month dulaglutide monotherapy [8]. In our study, the change in HbA1c during dulaglutide treatment was 1.1%, which was slightly smaller compared to such previous clinical trials. The higher age of the patients and multiple concomitant hypoglycemic agents in our study might influence the smaller degree of HbA1c changes.
Asian patients with T2DM were characterized by relatively lower BMI [19]. A previous study clarified that the degree of HbA1c change was greater during GLP-1RA treatment in normal BMI patients compared to obese patients [20]. It was also reported that GLP-1RAs were more effective in lowering HbA1c in Asian patients with T2DM compared to Caucasians [21]. Our results confirmed that dulaglutide effectively reduced HbA1c in Asian patients with T2DM.
GLP-1RAs have beneficial effects not only on glycemia and obesity but also on lipid profiles. Previous randomized controlled studies including REWIND or TODAY trials reported reductions in serum LDL-C and TG levels [6,22,23]. Moreover, a meta-analysis of four trials revealed that GLP-1RAs improved serum LDL-C, TG and HDL-C levels [24]. In our study, dulaglutide significantly increased serum HDL-C levels and decreased TG and non-HDL-C levels. A tendency for a reduction in LDL-C levels was also observed. These results coincided with previous clinical trials. In other several real-world studies, liraglutide or exenatide also showed improvements in carotid intima–media thickness, suggesting the preventive effects of GLP-1RAs against CV diseases [25,26].
Interestingly, the changes in LDL-C, HDL-C and non-HDL-C were significantly associated with the change in HbA1c, which suggests a close association between the improvements of glycemia and lipid profiles by dulaglutide. In an animal study using ApoE knockout mice, both glycemic control and lipid profile were improved but only observed in STZ-induced diabetic model mice and not in non-diabetic mice [27]. The presence of diabetes or insulin resistance elevates the expression and activity of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue, which catalyzes lipolysis and the release of free fatty acid (FFA). Increased entry of FFA to the liver inhibits the degradation of apoB-100 and elevated production of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Insulin resistance reduces the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which, in turn, increases TG-rich lipoproteins such as intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) and VLDL and reduces HDL. These are observed as elevated serum TG levels and decreased HDL-C levels in clinical laboratory tests [28]. Improved insulin action by GLP-1RA can play a crucial role in ameliorating both glycemia and dyslipidemia. GLP-1RAs can promote postprandial insulin secretion and inhibit insulin-mediated lipolysis in adipose tissue, resulting in reductions in FFA release in the bloodstream and entry in the liver [29,30]. GLP-1RAs were also reported to improve insulin resistance [31], which elevates the activity of LPL and ameliorates the lipid profile. Indeed, reductions in VLDL-C levels by GLP-1 RA treatment were already reported [32,33]. Reductions in apoB-100 comprising lipoproteins including IDL, VLDL and LDL can be observed as the improvement in non-HDL-C levels [34], which was observed in our study.
Previous studies reported the beneficial effects of GLP-1RAs in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [35,36]. In our study, dulaglutide treatments improved only NFS, but there were no changes in HSI and the FIB-4 index. Nevertheless, the associations between baseline values and changes in HSI, NFS and the FIB-4 index suggested that dulaglutide could ameliorate steatosis and fibrosis in the liver in patients with advanced steatosis and fibrosis at baseline. The lower dose of dulaglutide used in Japan or the limited number of subjects might influence our results.
The use of GLP-1RAs was also associated with reduced ACR and the risk of worsening kidney function [37,38]. In our study, there were no significant changes in ACR in the whole group or even in the group with SGLT2i treatment, despite the renoprotective effects of SGLT2is [39]. Our results might be affected by various factors, such as the lack of a control group, the limited number of available data on ACR, the short period of observation and the large standard deviation of ACR. Further studies with a control group and longer observation will be necessary to examine the effect of dulaglutide on the progression of NAFLD or diabetic kidney diseases.
Previous reports suggested that the addition of dulaglutide to insulin contributed to better glycemia, smaller doses of insulin and smaller weight gain compared to insulin monotherapy [40]. The combination of insulin and GLP-1RAs was also associated with better lipid profiles and lower blood pressure [41]. These reports suggested that GLP-1RAs might offset the adverse effects of insulin treatments. In our study, dulaglutide improved HbA1c and non-HDL-C in patients treated with insulin, but there were no significant changes in body weight and BMI, which might be influenced by the small number of patients with insulin treatments. Direct comparisons with insulin monotherapy will be needed to determine the effects of the combination therapy of insulin and dulaglutide.
SGLT2is have also been reported to improve obesity, glycemia and lipid profiles and were associated with reduced cardiorenal events [16,17,42]. The mechanisms of cardiorenal effects of SGLT2is include attenuation of CV risk factors, amelioration of substrate utilization in myocardial and renal cells, reduction in ventricular and vascular loading through diuresis and natriuresis, and mitigation of atherosclerosis through anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects [42,43]. GLP-1RAs have also been reported to preserve ventricular function and reduce atherosclerosis [44]. These effects of SGLT2is and GLP-1RAs can be complementary in the prevention of CV diseases. Indeed, a meta-analysis revealed that the combination therapy of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA resulted in greater reductions in body weight, HbA1c and LDL-C [45]. Our real-world data confirmed the greater benefits of the combination of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA on glycemia and lipid profiles, suggesting a promising strategy to prevent the progression of CV and renal diseases in high-risk patients [46,47].
Our study has several limitations. First, it was a retrospective study with a limited number of patients in a single center. Second, we cannot exclude possible influences by modifications of the pharmacotherapy. Third, our study lacked information on diabetic durations, co-existing diabetic complications and lifestyle modifications. Fourth, a lack of data might influence the results. Fifth, we could not evaluate metabolites or inflammation markers which might be related to the effects of dulaglutide, since our study was based on real-world data.

5. Conclusions

Our findings based on real-world data showed that dulaglutide improved body weight, glycemic control and lipid profiles in Japanese patients with T2DM, suggesting dulaglutide as a promising therapy to control CV risk factors. Moreover, the close associations between the changes in lipid profiles and the change in HbA1c during dulaglutide treatments is intriguing in speculating the presence of common mechanisms of improving glycemia and dyslipidemia by dulaglutide.

Author Contributions

H.K.: Conceptualization, Supervision, Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, editing. H.Y.: Supervision, Writing—review and editing, Data curation. M.H., S.U., S.I. and H.A.: Formal analysis, Data curation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid for Research from National Center for Global Health and Medicine (20A3001).

Institutional Review Board Statement

This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM-S-004246) and was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained by the opt-out approach because this study was a retrospective observational study.

Data Availability Statement

The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Acknowledgments

We thank Harue Aoki, Yukie Kawamura and Ayano Sakakibara of the Division of Research Support, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, for their great support in data collection.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Shaw, J.E.; Sicree, R.A.; Zimmet, P.Z. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2010, 87, 4–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Nakamura, J.; Kamiya, H.; Haneda, M.; Inagaki, N.; Tanizawa, Y.; Araki, E.; Ueki, K.; Nakayama, T. Causes of death in Japanese patients with diabetes based on the results of a survey of 45,708 cases during 2001–2010: Report of the Committee on Causes of Death in Diabetes Mellitus. J. Diabetes Investig. 2017, 8, 397–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Ueki, K.; Sasako, T.; Okazaki, Y.; Kato, M.; Okahata, S.; Katsuyama, H.; Haraguchi, M.; Morita, A.; Ohashi, K.; Hara, K.; et al. Effect of an intensified multifactorial intervention on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in type 2 diabetes (J-DOIT3): An open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017, 5, 951–964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Jendle, J.; Grunberger, G.; Blevins, T.; Giorgino, F.; Hietpas, R.T.; Botros, F.T. Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: A comprehensive review of the dulaglutide clinical data focusing on the AWARD phase 3 clinical trial program. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 2016, 32, 776–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Zhang, L.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, Y.; Tong, N. Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 18904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  6. Gerstein, H.C.; Colhoun, H.M.; Dagenais, G.R.; Diaz, R.; Lakshmanan, M.; Pais, P.; Probstfield, J.; Riesmeyer, J.S.; Riddle, M.C.; Rydén, L.; et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): A double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2019, 394, 121–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Emoto, M.; Terauchi, Y.; Ozeki, A.; Oura, T.; Takeuchi, M.; Imaoka, T. A 1-year safety study of dulaglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes on a single oral hypoglycemic agent: An open-label, nonrandomized, phase 3 trial. Endocr. J. 2015, 62, 1101–1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  8. Odawara, M.; Miyagawa, J.; Iwamoto, N.; Takita, Y.; Imaoka, T.; Takamura, T. Once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide significantly decreases glycated haemoglobin compared with once-daily liraglutide in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: 52 weeks of treatment in a randomized phase III study. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2016, 18, 249–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Onishi, Y.; Oura, T.; Matsui, A.; Matsuura, J.; Iwamoto, N. Analysis of efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 0.75 mg stratified by sex in patients with type 2 diabetes in 2 randomized, controlled phase 3 studies in Japan. Endocr. J. 2017, 64, 553–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  10. Matsuo, S.; Imai, E.; Horio, M.; Yasuda, Y.; Tomita, K.; Nitta, K.; Yamagata, K.; Tomino, Y.; Yokoyama, H.; Hishida, A.; et al. Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2009, 53, 982–992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Lee, J.H.; Kim, D.; Kim, H.J.; Lee, C.H.; Yang, J.I.; Kim, W.; Kim, Y.J.; Yoon, J.H.; Cho, S.H.; Sung, M.W.; et al. Hepatic steatosis index: A simple screening tool reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig. Liver. Dis. 2010, 42, 503–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Angulo, P.; Hui, J.M.; Marchesini, G.; Bugianesi, E.; George, J.; Farrell, G.C.; Enders, F.; Saksena, S.; Burt, A.D.; Bida, J.P.; et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: A noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology 2007, 45, 846–854. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Shah, A.; Lydecker, A.; Murray, K.; Tetri, B.N.; Contos, M.J.; Sanyal, A. Use of the Fib4 index for non-invasive evaluation of fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009, 7, 1104–1112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  14. Sumida, Y.; Yoneda, M.; Hyogo, H.; Itoh, Y.; Ono, M.; Fujii, H.; Eguchi, Y.; Suzuki, Y.; Aoki, N.; Kanemasa, K.; et al. Validation of the FIB4 index in a Japanese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012, 12, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  15. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study Group. A 6-year, randomized, controlled trial comparing sulfonylurea, insulin, and metformin therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes that could not be controlled with diet therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 1998, 128, 165–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Katsuyama, H.; Hamasaki, H.; Adachi, H.; Moriyama, M.; Kawaguchi, A.; Sako, A.; Mishima, S.; Yanai, H. Effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes: A chart-based analysis. J. Clin. Med. Res. 2016, 8, 237–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Yanai, H.; Katsuyama, H.; Hamasaki, H.; Adachi, H.; Moriyama, S.; Yoshikawa, R.; Sako, A. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: Possible Anti-Atherosclerotic Effects Beyond Glucose Lowering. J. Clin. Med. Res. 2016, 8, 10–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Katsuyama, H.; Hakoshima, M.; Iijima, T.; Adachi, H.; Yanai, H. Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors on Hepatic Fibrosis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Chart-Based Analysis. J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020, 10, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Ma, R.C.; Chan, J.C. Type 2 diabetes in East Asians: Similarities and differences with populations in Europe and the United States. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2013, 1281, 64–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Zhang, F.; Tang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Lü, Q.; Tong, N. Glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetics, optimal for Asian type 2 diabetes patients with and without overweight/obesity: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 15997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Kim, Y.G.; Hahn, S.; Oh, T.J.; Park, K.S.; Cho, Y.M. Differences in the HbA1c-lowering efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues between Asians and non-Asians: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2014, 16, 900–909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Arslanian, S.A.; Hannon, T.; Zeitler, P.; Chao, L.C.; Boucher-Berry, C.; Barrientos-Pérez, M.; Bismuth, E.; Dib, S.; Cho, J.I.; Cox, D. Once-Weekly Dulaglutide for the Treatment of Youths with Type 2 Diabetes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2022, 387, 433–443. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Tuttolomondo, A.; Cirrincione, A.; Casuccio, A.; Del Cuore, A.; Daidone, M.; Di Chiara, T.; Di Raimondo, D.; Corte, A.D.; Maida, C.; Simonetta, I.; et al. Efficacy of dulaglutide on vascular health indexes in subjects with type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 2021, 20, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Iqbal, J.; Wu, H.X.; Hu, N.; Zhou, Y.H.; Li, L.; Xiao, F.; Wang, T.; Jiang, H.L.; Xu, S.N.; Huang, B.L.; et al. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on body weight in adults with obesity without diabetes mellitus-a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Obes. Rev. 2022, 23, e13435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Nikolic, D.; Patti, A.M.; Giglio, R.V.; Chianetta, R.; Castellino, G.; Magán-Fernández, A.; Citarella, R.; Papanas, N.; Jenez, A.; Pantea Stoian, A.; et al. Liraglutide Improved Cardiometabolic Parameters More in Obese than in Non-obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Real-World 18-Month Prospective Study. Diabetes Ther. 2022, 13, 453–464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Patti, A.M.; Nikolic, D.; Magan-Fernandez, A.; Vicenza Giglio, R.; Castellino, G.; Chianetta, R.; Citarella, R.; Corrado, E.; Provenzano, F.; Provenzano, V.; et al. Exenatide once-weekly improves metabolic parameters, endothelial dysfunction and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type-2 diabetes: An 8-month prospective study. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2019, 149, 163–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Sanada, J.; Obata, A.; Obata, Y.; Fushimi, Y.; Shimoda, M.; Kohara, K.; Nakanishi, S.; Mune, T.; Kaku, K.; Kaneto, H. Dulaglutide exerts beneficial anti atherosclerotic effects in ApoE knockout mice with diabetes: The earlier, the better. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 1425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Yanai, H.; Hirowatari, Y.; Yoshida, H. Diabetic dyslipidemia: Evaluation and mechanism. Glob. Health Med. 2019, 1, 30–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Meier, J.J.; Gethmann, A.; Götze, O.; Gallwitz, B.; Holst, J.J.; Schmidt, W.E.; Nauck, M.A. Glucagon-like peptide 1 abolishes the postprandial rise in triglyceride concentrations and lowers levels of non-esterified fatty acids in humans. Diabetologia 2006, 49, 452–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  30. Anholm, C.; Kumarathurai, P.; Samkani, A.; Pedersen, L.R.; Boston, R.C.; Nielsen, O.W.; Kristiansen, O.P.; Madsbad, S.; Sajadieh, A.; Haugaard, S.B. Effect of liraglutide on estimates of lipolysis and lipid oxidation in obese patients with stable coronary artery disease and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: A randomized trial. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2019, 21, 2012–2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Su, Y.; Zhang, S.; Wu, Z.; Liu, W.; Chen, J.; Deng, F.; Chen, F.; Zhu, D.; Hou, K. Pharmacoeconomic analysis (CER) of Dulaglutide and Liraglutide in the treatment of patients with type 2 Diabetes. Front. Endocrinol. 2023, 14, 1054946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Yanai, H.; Hamasaki, H.; Adachi, H.; Moriyama, S.; Hirowatari, Y. Effects of liraglutide, a human glucagonlike peptide-1 analog, on glucose/lipid metabolism, and adipocytokines in patients with type 2 Diabetes. J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 1, 149–151. [Google Scholar]
  33. Taher, J.; Baker, C.L.; Cuizon, C.; Masoudpour, H.; Zhang, R.; Farr, S.; Naples, M.; Bourdon, C.; Pausova, Z.; Adeli, K. GLP-1 receptor agonism ameliorates hepatic VLDL overproduction and de novo lipogenesis in insulin resistance. Mol. Metab. 2014, 3, 823–833. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Shoar, S.; Ikram, W.; Shah, A.A.; Farooq, N.; Gouni, S.; Khavandi, S.; Tabibzadeh, E.; Khavandi, S. Non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol in adolescence as a predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 2021, 22, 295–299. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Seko, Y.; Sumida, Y.; Tanaka, S.; Mori, K.; Taketani, H.; Ishiba, H.; Hara, T.; Okajima, A.; Umemura, A.; Nishikawa, T.; et al. Effect of 12-week dulaglutide therapy in Japanese patients with biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hepatol. Res. 2017, 47, 1206–1211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Mantovani, A.; Petracca, G.; Beatrice, G.; Csermely, A.; Lonardo, A.; Targher, G. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Metabolites 2021, 11, 73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Gerstein, H.C.; Colhoun, H.M.; Dagenais, G.R.; Diaz, R.; Lakshmanan, M.; Pais, P.; Probstfield, J.; Botros, F.T.; Riddle, M.C.; Rydén, L.; et al. Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: An exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2019, 394, 131–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Kristensen, S.L.; Rørth, R.; Jhund, P.S.; Docherty, K.F.; Sattar, N.; Preiss, D.; Køber, L.; Petrie, M.C.; McMurray, J.J. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019, 7, 776–785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Perkovic, V.; Jardine, M.J.; Neal, B.; Bompoint, S.; Heerspink, H.J.L.; Charytan, D.M.; Edwards, R.; Agarwal, R.; Bakris, G.; Bull, S.; et al. Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019, 380, 2295–2306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Wang, J.; Li, H.Q.; Xu, X.H.; Kong, X.-C.; Sun, R.; Jing, T.; Ye, L.; Su, X.-F.; Ma, J.-H. The Effects of Once-Weekly Dulaglutide and Insulin Glargine on Glucose Fluctuation in Poorly Oral-Antidiabetic Controlled Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Biomed. Res. Int. 2019, 2019, 2682657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Balena, R.; Hensley, I.E.; Miller, S.; Barnett, A.H. Combination therapy with GLP-1 receptor agonists and basal insulin: A systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2013, 15, 485–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  42. Yanai, H.; Hakoshima, M.; Adachi, H.; Katsuyama, H. Multi-Organ Protective Effects of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 4416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Salvatore, T.; Galiero, R.; Caturano, A.; Rinaldi, L.; Di Martino, A.; Albanese, G.; Di Salvo, J.; Epifani, R.; Marfella, R.; Docimo, G.; et al. An Overview of the Cardiorenal Protective Mechanisms of SGLT2 Inhibitors. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Cherney, D.Z.I.; Udell, J.A.; Drucker, D.J. Cardiorenal mechanisms of action of glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Medicine (N. Y.) 2021, 2, 1203–1230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Li, C.; Luo, J.; Jiang, M.; Wang, K. The Efficacy and Safety of the Combination Therapy With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and SGLT-2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front. Pharmacol. 2022, 13, 838277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. DeFronzo, R.A. Combination therapy with GLP-1 receptor agonist and SGLT2 inhibitor. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2017, 19, 1353–1362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Goncalves, E.; Bell, D.S.H. Combination Treatment of SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Symbiotic Effects on Metabolism and Cardiorenal Risk. Diabetes Ther. 2018, 9, 919–926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Biomedicines 11 00869 g001a 550Biomedicines 11 00869 g001b 550
Figure 1. The results of Pearson’s simple correlations among the parameters during 12 months after the start of dulaglutide. (a) The correlation between the changes in HSI and the baseline HSI. (b) The correlation between the changes in NFS and baseline NFS. (c) The correlation between the changes in FIB-4 index and the baseline FIB-4 index. (d) The correlation between the changes in ACR and the baseline ACR. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score.
Figure 1. The results of Pearson’s simple correlations among the parameters during 12 months after the start of dulaglutide. (a) The correlation between the changes in HSI and the baseline HSI. (b) The correlation between the changes in NFS and baseline NFS. (c) The correlation between the changes in FIB-4 index and the baseline FIB-4 index. (d) The correlation between the changes in ACR and the baseline ACR. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score.
Biomedicines 11 00869 g001aBiomedicines 11 00869 g001b
Table
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients (n = 121).
Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the patients (n = 121).
Age64.7 ± 15.6
Gender (M/F)69/52
Body height (cm)162 ± 10
Body weight (kg)68.6 ± 19.2
Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2)26.8 ± 5.7
Medications at baseline
 Insulin28 (23.1%)
 Metformin58 (47.9%)
 Sulfonylurea21 (17.3%)
 Glinides10 (8.3%)
 Thiazolidinedione36 (30.0%)
 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors14 (11.6%)
 SGLT2 inhibitors51 (42.1%)
 ACE Inhibitors1 (0.8%)
 Angiotensin II receptor blockers50 (41.3%)
 Calcium channel blockers58 (47.9%)
 Diuretics14 (11.6%)
 Alpha blockers1 (0.8%)
 Beta Blockers10 (8.3%)
 Statins66 (54.5%)
 Ezetimibe15 (12.4)
 Fibrates8 (6.6%)
 Antiplatelet drugs18 (14.9%)
Table
Table 2. Change in the clinical parameters 12 months after the start of dulaglutide (n = 121).
Table 2. Change in the clinical parameters 12 months after the start of dulaglutide (n = 121).
nBaseline12 Monthsp
Body weight (kg)7469.6 ± 21.067.9 ± 20.60.001
BMI (kg/m2)7426.9 ± 6.426.2 ± 6.50.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)67129 ± 22117 ± 300.027
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)5074 ± 1275 ± 120.641
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)119201 ± 88174 ± 78<0.001
HbA1c (%)1168.8 ± 1.67.7 ± 1.4<0.001
Albumin (g/dL)1084.04 ± 0.594.14 ± 0.500.017
AST (IU/L)11729 ± 1928 ± 190.359
ALT (IU/L)11835 ± 3132 ± 270.301
γGTP (IU/L)10567 ± 12753 ± 740.001
Total bilirubin530.66 ± 0.330.64 ± 0.340.628
TC (mg/dL)104183 ± 47176 ± 410.075
HDL-C (mg/dL)11449 ± 1351 ± 150.011
LDL-C (mg/dL)58101 ± 3294 ± 300.086
TG (mg/dL)115199 ± 226168 ± 1550.026
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)103135 ± 48126 ± 390.017
Creatinine (mg/dL)1210.85 ± 0.430.88 ± 0.430.373
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)12173 ± 2870 ± 250.170
Uric acid (mg/dL)1025.3 ± 1.85.1 ± 1.40.148
Hemoglobin (g/dL)11913.4 ± 2.013.5 ± 1.80.279
Platelet (×104/μL)11922.9 ± 7.222.7 ± 7.20.489
HSI6937.8 ± 7.937.4 ± 7.80.630
NFS101−0.28 ± 1.35−1.34 ± 1.87<0.001
FIB-4 index1121.72 ± 1.171.69 ± 1.110.591
ACR (mg/g Cre)56202 ± 569183 ± 5020.408
Values show mean ± SD. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; γGTP, γ-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.
Table
Table 3. Change in the clinical parameters 12 months after the start of dulaglutide in male and female patients.
Table 3. Change in the clinical parameters 12 months after the start of dulaglutide in male and female patients.
Male (n = 69)Female (n = 52)
nBaseline12 MonthspnBaseline12 Monthsp
Body weight (kg)4274.2 ± 23.572.3 ± 23.20.0053263.6 ± 15.562.1 ± 14.70.055
BMI (kg/m2)4226.6 ± 6.825.9 ± 6.90.0063227.2 ± 5.926.7 ± 6.10.059
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)39130 ± 21122 ± 310.30228128 ± 23109 ± 280.033
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)3174 ± 1376 ± 120.4281973 ± 1173 ± 100.879
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)69201 ± 81184 ± 850.01250200 ± 97162 ± 640.004
HbA1c (%)688.8 ± 1.57.8 ± 1.5<0.001488.8 ± 1.77.6 ± 1.3<0.001
Alb (g/dL)614.10 ± 0.584.17 ± 0.540.135473.95 ± 0.584.09 ± 0.440.057
AST (IU/L)6630 ± 2027 ± 180.3555129 ± 1729 ± 200.718
ALT (IU/L)6737 ± 3131 ± 240.0825132 ± 3033 ± 310.645
γGTP (IU/L)6180 ± 9264 ± 920.0444447 ± 4739 ± 330.007
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)340.74 ± 0.360.71 ± 0.370.504520.72 ± 0.370.79 ± 0.390.968
TC (mg/dL)61184 ± 50169 ± 430.00343182 ± 41185 ± 360.579
HDL-C (mg/dL)6647 ± 1348 ± 120.3974852 ± 1257 ± 170.007
LDL-C (mg/dL)34101 ± 3195 ± 270.45224102 ± 3393 ± 340.113
TG (mg/dL)67213 ± 271170 ± 1820.01948180 ± 139166 ± 1080.427
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)60139 ± 52123 ± 420.00443130 ± 41129 ± 340.772
Creatinine (mg/dL)690.95 ± 0.410.95 ± 0.440.504520.72 ± 0.370.79 ± 0.390.026
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)6973 ± 2872 ± 240.8755273 ± 2968 ± 270.052
Uric acid (mg/dL)565.6 ± 1.75.4 ± 1.40.352465.0 ± 1.84.8 ± 1.30.260
Hemoglobin (g/dL)6813.8 ± 2.213.9 ± 2.20.5055112.9 ± 1.713.0 ± 1.50.435
Platelet (×104/μL)6822.1 ± 7.422.3 ± 7.70.6735223.9 ± 6.623.2 ± 6.50.110
HSI3937.2 ± 8.136.3 ± 8.20.0633038.6 ± 7.538.9 ± 7.00.131
NFS56−0.34 ± 1.42−1.39 ± 1.87<0.00145−0.20 ± 1.26−1.08 ± 1.660.001
FIB-4 index631.78 ± 1.351.74 ± 1.250.859491.66 ± 0.881.64 ± 0.910.547
ACR (mg/g Cre)31172 ± 352145 ± 3900.46825238 ± 755229 ± 6100.716
Values show mean ± SD. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; γGTP, γ-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.
Table
Table 4. The correlations between the changes in metabolic parameters during 12-month dulaglutide treatment.
Table 4. The correlations between the changes in metabolic parameters during 12-month dulaglutide treatment.
ΔBMIΔHbA1cΔTGΔHDL-CΔLDL-CΔNon-HDL-CΔHSIΔNFS
ΔBMI1
ΔHbA1c0.1121
ΔTG−0.0210.1651
ΔHDL-C0.245 *−0.236 *−0.1211
ΔLDL-C0.0970.377 **−0.2330.2151
ΔNon-HDL-C0.0460.398 **0.415 **−0.0400.518 **1
ΔHSI0.586 **0.0370.0640.1410.208−0.0261
ΔNFS0.2010.0670.268 **0.013−0.0830.149−0.2121
ΔFIB-4 index0.059−0.008−0.0050.060−0.0940.076−0.197−0.474 **
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; TG, triglyceride.
Table
Table 5. Change in the clinical parameters 12 months after the start of dulaglutide in the subgroups with or without insulin treatment at baseline.
Table 5. Change in the clinical parameters 12 months after the start of dulaglutide in the subgroups with or without insulin treatment at baseline.
With Insulin at Baseline (n = 28)Without Insulin at Baseline (n = 93)
nBaseline12 MonthspnBaseline12 Monthsp
Body weight (kg)1571.5 ± 21.371.0 ± 20.60.5725969.1 ± 21.067.1 ± 20.50.001
BMI (kg/m2)1526.9 ± 6.426.8 ± 6.50.6385926.9 ± 6.426.1 ± 6.50.001
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)15128 ± 23134 ± 300.34652130 ± 22112 ± 280.003
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)1374 ± 1082 ± 110.0233774 ± 1372 ± 110.362
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)28188 ± 75172 ± 830.18391205 ± 92175 ± 76<0.001
HbA1c (%)279.0 ± 1.78.1 ± 1.30.008898.8 ± 1.67.6 ± 1.4<0.001
Alb (g/dL)254.0 ± 0.74.0 ± 0.70.695834.0 ± 0.54.2 ± 0.40.010
AST (IU/L)2624 ± 1023 ± 90.8339131 ± 2029 ± 210.358
ALT (IU/L)2730 ± 2029 ± 180.9649136 ± 3333 ± 290.274
γGTP (IU/L)2377 ± 15863 ± 860.1358263 ± 11751 ± 710.005
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)150.68 ± 0.420.66 ± 0.350.893380.66 ± 0.290.63 ± 0.330.593
TC (mg/dL)23183 ± 30167 ± 240.03281183 ± 51178 ± 440.440
HDL-C (mg/dL)2350 ± 1351 ± 220.6969149 ± 1252 ± 130.002
LDL-C(mg/dL)10103 ± 3397 ± 3810.50848101 ± 3293 ± 300.104
TG (mg/dL)24212 ± 219147 ± 650.24191196 ± 228174 ± 1710.069
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)22135 ± 36119 ± 250.02581135 ± 51127 ± 420.113
Creatinine (mg/dL)280.87 ± 0.240.92 ± 0.270.330930.85 ± 0.450.87 ± 0.470.697
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)2870 ± 2663 ± 180.1309374 ± 2973 ± 270.525
Uric acid (mg/dL)224.8 ± 1.85.4 ± 1.40.032805.4 ± 1.85.0 ± 1.30.006
Hemoglobin (g/dL)2813.4 ± 2.113.3 ± 1.90.2029113.4 ± 2.013.6 ± 1.80.056
Platelet (×104/μL)2823.6 ± 7.024.9 ± 9.90.9739122.7 ± 7.222.0 ± 6.00.429
HSI1338.0 ± 7.338.5 ± 6.20.6005637.7 ± 8.037.2 ± 8.10.443
NFS22−0.34 ± 1.29−1.70 ± 1.800.00979−0.26 ± 1.37−1.24 ± 1.88<0.001
FIB-4 index251.51 ± 1.051.50 ± 1.000.968871.79 ± 1.191.75 ± 1.130.537
ACR (mg/g Cre)974 ± 12381 ± 1030.95347226 ± 616202 ± 5440.302
Values show mean ± SD. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; γGTP, γ-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.
Table
Table 6. Change in the clinical parameters 12 months after the start of dulaglutide in the subgroups with or without SGLT2i treatment at baseline.
Table 6. Change in the clinical parameters 12 months after the start of dulaglutide in the subgroups with or without SGLT2i treatment at baseline.
With SGLT2i at Baseline (n = 52)Without SGLT2i at Baseline (n = 69)
nBaseline12 MonthspnBaseline12 Monthsp
Body weight (kg)2670.6 ± 17.769.7 ± 17.8<0.0014869.0 ± 22.666.9 ± 21.90.004
BMI (kg/m2)2627.4 ± 5.327.1 ± 5.60.0594826.6 ± 6.925.8 ± 7.00.006
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)24124 ± 19118 ± 280.79748132 ± 23116 ± 310.018
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)1973 ± 1574 ± 120.7773174 ± 1175 ± 120.600
Plasma glucose (mg/dL)51200 ± 84171 ± 660.00968202 ± 92177 ± 850.007
HbA1c (%)509.2 ± 1.67.9 ± 1.2<0.001668.6 ± 1.67.6 ± 1.5<0.001
Alb (g/dL)484.1 ± 0.54.3 ± 0.40.003604.0 ± 0.64.0 ± 0.50.458
AST (IU/L)5130 ± 2229 ± 210.4906629 ± 1727 ± 170.484
ALT (IU/L)5236 ± 3435 ± 330.8136633 ± 2829 ± 210.250
γGTP (IU/L)4389 ± 18759 ± 950.0076251 ± 5149 ± 560.060
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)190.72 ± 0.350.68 ± 0.240.634340.63 ± 0.320.62 ± 0.380.805
TC (mg/dL)45190 ± 56180 ± 500.03359178 ± 37173 ± 310.616
HDL-C (mg/dL)4947 ± 1152 ± 12<0.0016550 ± 1351 ± 170.744
LDL-C (mg/dL)2898 ± 2693 ± 280.26930104 ± 3794 ± 320.136
TG (mg/dL)50250 ± 316188 ± 2140.00265160 ± 100153 ± 820.638
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)44143 ± 59130 ± 490.00659129 ± 37123 ± 290.483
Creatinine (mg/dL)520.88 ± 0.470.86 ± 0.400.657690.84 ± 0.350.89 ± 0.450.150
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)5273 ± 2672 ± 240.4146973 ± 3069 ± 260.277
Uric acid (mg/dL)485.4 ± 1.85.1 ± 1.40.022545.2 ± 1.75.1 ± 1.30.866
Hemoglobin (g/dL)5014.0 ± 1.914.3 ± 1.70.0486912.9 ± 2.013.0 ± 1.70.980
Platelet (×104/μL)5021.9 ± 6.622.1 ± 6.10.4356923.6 ± 7.523.1 ± 7.90.173
HSI2539.7 ± 7.539.6 ± 7.50.1434436.7 ± 7.939.2 ± 7.90.283
NFS46−0.21 ± 1.21−1.63 ± 1.54<0.00155−0.33 ± 1.46−1.10 ± 2.080.035
FIB-4 index491.74 ± 1.331.62 ± 1.100.088631.71 ± 1.021.75 ± 1.120.547
ACR (mg/g Cre)29124 ± 32393 ± 1630.98327285 ± 740279 ± 6900.313
Values show mean ± SD. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; γGTP, γ-glutamyl transferase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HSI, hepatic steatosis index; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Katsuyama, H.; Hakoshima, M.; Umeyama, S.; Iida, S.; Adachi, H.; Yanai, H. Real-World Efficacy of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist, Dulaglutide, on Metabolic Parameters in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030869

AMA Style

Katsuyama H, Hakoshima M, Umeyama S, Iida S, Adachi H, Yanai H. Real-World Efficacy of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist, Dulaglutide, on Metabolic Parameters in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(3):869. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030869

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katsuyama, Hisayuki, Mariko Hakoshima, Shohei Umeyama, Sakura Iida, Hiroki Adachi, and Hidekatsu Yanai. 2023. "Real-World Efficacy of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist, Dulaglutide, on Metabolic Parameters in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study" Biomedicines 11, no. 3: 869. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11030869

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop